Table 1 Synthesis of levulinic acid from cigarette filters.

From: Valorization of cigarette butts for synthesis of levulinic acid as top value-added chemicals

Entry

Filters weight (mg)

Catalyst (M)b

T (°C)

Time (h)

Levulinic acid yields

(%)c

(% filter wt)d

1

251.24

–

200

2

–

–

2

253.38

H3PO4 (1.5)

160

2

–

–

3

250.38

H3PO4 (1.5)

180

2

22.5

10.43

4

252.85

H3PO4 (1.5)

190

2

24.7

11.42

5

253.19

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

2

36.7

17.32e

6

250.57

H3PO4 (1.5)

240

2

43.9

20.28e

7

252.93

H3PO4 (1.5)

260

2

35.4

16.36f

8

101.70

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

2

24.3

11.28

9

200.80

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

2

35.7

16.47

10

299.50

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

2

30.1

13.90

11

251.55

H3PO4 (0.7)

200

2

25.2

11.46

12

250.96

H3PO4 (2.0)

200

2

41.4

19.15

13

250.37

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

1

17.3

8.00

14

251.04

H3PO4 (1.5)

200

6

49.6

22.94

15

252.52

CH3COOH (4)

200

2

–

–g

16

254.06

H2SO4

200

2

63.1

31.6

  1. aProcedure as reported in experimental section.
  2. bVolume = 15 mL.
  3. cReferred to theoretical amount of LA (see “Materials and methods” section).
  4. dReferred to the filter weight14. All yield values were obtained based on three replicate experiments (SD ± 2.0).
  5. eHumines = 79 mg (32% w/w). Humines = 173 mg (69% w/w).
  6. fHumines = 205 mg (82% w/w).
  7. g5-hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (HMF) was the main product (see MS spectrum in Supplemental Information).
Back to article page