Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics.

From: Association of free fatty acid binding protein with central aortic stiffness, myocardial dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction heart failure

Variables

HF event (−)

HF event (+)

P value

Total (N = 249)

(N = 191)

(N = 58)

Baseline demographic information

Age (years)

64.2 ± 9.6

71.0 ± 8.9

< 0.001

Sex, women (%)

63.4

72.4

0.2

Heart rate (1/min)

67.3 ± 9.8

69.0 ± 11.3

0.27

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

137.8 ± 19.5

149.3 ± 18.8

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.1 ± 11.9

83.2 ± 13.2

0.09

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

57.7 ± 12.8

66.1 ± 14.0

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

88.5 ±  ± 12.0

94.2 ± 10.4

0.002

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.1 ± 4.4

28.0 ± 4.0

0.003

Medical history

Diabetes (%)

20.4

50

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease (%)

8.4

13.8

0.22

Stroke (%)

2.1

1.8

0.87

Hypertension (%)

67

86.2

0.005

Prior HF history (%)

10

55.2

< 0.001

Medications for hyperlipidemia (%)

41.4

60.3

0.01

Active smoking (%)

11

16

0.35

Fasting sugar (mg/dl)

110.2 ± 35.3

125.1 ± 44.3

0.008

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

119.1 ± 70.4

142.9 ± 115.9

0.07

HDL-c (mg/dl)

57.0 ± 20.1

48.4 ± 13.7

0.003

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

83.0 ± 24.2

65.2 ± 27.1

< 0.001

Biomarkers

BNP (pg/ml)

37.0 ± 72.4

131.1 ± 201.2

< 0.001

a-FABP (ng/mL) (n = 240)

22.2 ± 12.3

42.9 ± 35.9

< 0.001

Cardiac structure and geometry

Septal wall thickness (mm)

9.0 ± 1.3

9.9 ± 1.8

< 0.001

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

67.1 ± 5.06

67.8 ± 7.57

0.33

Left ventricular mass index (gm/m2)

76.8 ± 16.3

84.8 ± 20.9

0.003

Cardiac function

Deceleration time (ms)

216.1 ± 49.7

236.5 ± 56.3

0.009

Iso-volumetric relaxation time (ms)

87.8 ± 17.7

95.4 ± 16.9

0.004

TDI-e′ (average) (cm/s)

8.1 ± 1.9

6.6 ± 1.7

< 0.001

E/TDI-e′ (average)

9.1 ±  ± 3.0

12.3 ± 4.2

< 0.001

TDI-s′ (average) (cm/s)

7.8 ± 1.4

7.1 ± 1.2

0.001

GLS (%)

− 20.2 ± 2.2

− 18.3 ± 2.2

< 0.001

Peripheral hemodynamic indices

Pulse pressure amplification (PPA) (ratio)

1.23 ± 0.34

1.18 ± 0.41

0.37

Central hemodynamic indices

Heart rate during central hemodynamics

67.3 ± 9.8

69.0 ± 11.3

0.27

Aortic augmentation index (AIx) (%)

20.6 ± 9.8

24.3 ± 9.9

0.02

Central systolic blood pressure (CSP) (mmHg)

127.6 ± 17.7

143.1 ± 23.3

< 0.001

Central diastolic blood pressure (CDP) (mmHg)

77.6 ± 11.5

82.4 ± 12.2

0.007

Central pulse pressure (CPP) (mmHg)

50.0 ± 15.3

60.8 ± 17.6

< 0.001

  1. HF, heart failure; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; a-FABP, adipocyte free fatty acid binding protein; LV, left ventricle; E/A ratio, E wave/late A wave of Doppler-based mitral inflow; TDI-e′, peak myocardial diastolic relaxation velocity on tissue-based Doppler; E/TDI-e′, E wave/TDI-e′; TDI-s′, peak myocardial systolic relaxation velocity of tissue-based Doppler; GLS, global LV longitudinal systolic myocardial strain.
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