Table 1 Self-reported adverse effects of flickering light stimulation.

From: Optimal flickering light stimulation for entraining gamma waves in the human brain

 

Color

     

Intensity

     
 

White

Red

Green

Blue

F

Post hoc

10 cd/m2

100 cd/m2

400 cd/m2

700 cd/m2

F

Post hoc

Fatigue

2.1 (1.8)

2.1 (1.8)

1.3 (1.9)

1.7 (1.9)

1.84

–

1.2 (1.3)

2.0 (1.7)

2.1 (1.8)

2.8 (2.0)

7.85**

h > e, g

Headache

0.1 (0.3)

0.1 (0.3)

0.2 (0.5)

0 (0)

1.00

–

0 (0)

0.1 (0.3)

0.3 (0.9)

0.6 (1.1)

3.02

–

Dizziness

2.3 (2.0)

1.3 (1.4)

1.6 (1.5)

1.4 (1.6)

2.75

–

1.4 (1.3)

1.6 (1.1)

1.2 (1.2)

1.2 (1.2)

1.37

–

Dazzling

1.9 (1.7)

2.6 (1.8)

1.4 (1.2)

2.3 (2.1)

3.12*

–

1.4 (1.0)

2.7 (1.4)

3.6 (1.5)

4.7 (1.3)

47.00***

h > g > f > e

Asthenopia

2.3 (1.3)

2.6 (1.6)

1.4 (1.2)

2.4 (1.9)

5.43*

a, b > c

1.6 (1.1)

2.2 (1.6)

2.7 (1.7)

3.6 (1.9)

15.66***

h, g > e, h > f

Ocular pain

0.4 (0.7)

0.6 (1.25)

0.1 (0.3)

0.6 (1.2)

1.78

–

0.3 (0.8)

0.6 (1.0)

1.0 (1.4)

1.7 (1.8)

9.23**

h > e, f, g

  1. a, white; b, red; c, green; d, blue; e, 10 cd/m2; f, 100 cd/m2; g, 400 cd/m2; h, 700 cd/m2.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by repeated measures analysis of variance.
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