Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort (n = 71).

Parameters	Pre-N^a (n = 25)	Post-N^b (n = 21)	Post-L^c (n = 25)	p-value
Age (years)	33.0 ± 4.10	53.48 ± 3.96	57.60 ± 4.44	a vs b < 0.0001 a vs c < 0.0001 b vs c 0.0019
BMI (kg/m²)	24.41 ± 4.3	27.49 ± 3.97	25.08 ± 4.75	a vs b 0.008 a vs c 0.462 b vs c 0.072
YSM	–	4.864 ± 3.028	10.92 ± 5.461	b vs c < 0.0001
BMD at spine (g/cm²)	1.196 ± 0.07	1.122 ± 0.08	0.721 ± 0.09	a vs b 0.107 a vs c < 0.0001 b vs c < 0.0001
BMD at femoral neck (g/cm²)	1.01 ± 0.07	0.963 ± 0.08	0.672 ± 0.13	a vs b 0.081 a vs c < 0.0001 b vs c < 0.0001
T-scores spine	0.05 ± 0.53	− 0.19 ± 0.79	− 3.87 ± 0.69	a vs b 0.308 a vs c < 0.0001 b vs c < 0.0001
T-scores femoral neck	− 0.25 ± 0.56	− 0.44 ± 0.64	− 2.82 ± 0.36	a vs b 0.098 a vs c < 0.0001 b vs c < 0.0001
Biochemical and Hormonal Estimations
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.929 ± 0.32	9.358 ± 0.32	8.529 ± 0.28	a vs b 0.019 a vs c 0.143 b vs c 0.311
Phosphorous (mg/dL)	5.013 ± 0.63	5.658 ± 0.66	5.115 ± 0.83	a vs b 0.069 a vs c 0.657 b vs c 0.071
CRP (mg/L)	2.898 ± 2.72	5.395 ± 4.82	4.748 ± 3.88	a vs b 0.022 a vs c 0.042 b vs c 0.877
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	20.36 ± 14.82	28.25 ± 16.77	31.02 ± 25.21	a vs b 0.061 a vs c 0.045 b vs c 0.733
Estradiol (pg/mL)	167.4 ± 181.9	91.71 ± 31.37	101.41 ± 90.01	a vs b 0.003 a vs c 0.0006 b vs c 0.642

Values are represented as Mean ± SD; p value < 0.05 is considered significant and marked in bold.
Abbreviations: Pre-N premenopausal women with normal BMD, Post-N postmenopausal women with normal BMD, Post-L postmenopausal women with low BMD, BMI Body Mass Index, YSM Years since Menopause BMD Bone Mineral Density, CRP C-Reactive Protein.

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