Figure 2

Fluoroscopic angiography shows the impact of the continuous perfusion of unreplenished and unfiltered blood for 24 h on the native and decellularized kidney vasculature. Angiograms taken before the kidneys were perfused with blood display the main renal artery (RA), segmental artery (SA), lobar artery (LA), interlobar artery (IA), and arcuate artery (AA) (a) through (f). Angiograms taken after 24 h of blood perfusion at rates of 650 ml/min (g), 500 ml/min (i), and of 200 ml/min (k) from native kidneys, and decellularized scaffolds perfused at rates of 650 ml/min (h), 500 ml/min (j), and 200 ml/min (l) all display disruptions to the previously intact vascular network. The arrows in images (h) and (j) are used to indicate ruptures to the scaffold parenchyma revealed by angiography that were not visible from the surface. The higher flow rates also appeared to generate visible parenchymal damage in the scaffolds.