Table 2 Average of triplicate with three independent repetitions of inhibition zone (mm) values and MIC (μg/mL) values for antibacterial modulating activity of citral 5 mg/mL (0.5%) on antibiotics ampicillin (Amp), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), clindamycin (Clinda), erythromycin (Ery), oxacillin (Oxa), tetracycline (Tet) on MRSA (18, 20, 27, 33, 48, 52, 80, 137) and ATCC 33591 strains.
From: Citral modulates virulence factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA | Treatment (μg/mL) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amp | Amp + citral | p-valuea | Cipro | Cipro + citral | p-valuea | Clinda | Clinda + citral | p-valuea | Erytro | Erytro + citral | p-valuea | Oxa | Oxa + citral | p-valuea | Tetra | Tetra + citral | p-valuea | |
18 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5185 | 2 ± 0.3 | 2 ± 0.3 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
20 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 8 ± 0.0 | 8 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
27 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3739 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.6 | > 0.9999 | 8 ± 0.0 | 8 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
33 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 8 ± 0.0 | 8 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
48 | 1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.3739 | 1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.3739 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.3 | > 0.9999 | 4 ± 0.0 | 4 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 5.3 ± 0.0 | 4 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
52 | 0.12 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.3739 | 5.3 ± 0.0 | 4 ± 0.3 | 0.3739 | 2 ± 2.3 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
80 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 64 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1 ± 0.0 | 0.1161 | 4 ± 0.6 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 64 ± 0.0 | 6 ± 0.0 | < 0.0001 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.2508 |
137 | 0.25 ± 0.0 | 0.12 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 2 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 126 ± 0.0 | 126 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0 ± 0.0 | 8 ± 0.0 | 0.1161 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.5185 |
ATCC 33591 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 0.0 | 0.1161 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 126 ± 0.0 | 126 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 64 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 8 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
MRSA | Treatment (mm) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amp | Amp + citral | p-valuea | Cipro | Cipro + citral | p-valuea | Clinda | Clinda + citral | p-valuea | Erytro | Erytro + citral | p-valuea | Oxa | Oxa + citral | p-valuea | Tetra | Tetra + citral | p-valuea | |
18 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1011 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 0.6778 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 0.6779 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 0.3295 | 3 ± 0.0 | 3 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 4 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0010 |
20 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.0390 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2378 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1890 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 0.5185 | 2 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 0.0013 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 0.3045 |
27 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.1144 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8416 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 0.5659 | 3 ± 0.1 | 3 ± 0.1 | > 0.9999 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.0668 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 0.2508 |
33 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.1481 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.1890 | 2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1890 | 3.1 ± 0.0 | 3 ± 0.1 | 0.1161 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3 ± 0.1 | 0.3487 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1 ± 0.1 | 0.1011 |
48 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.1925 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 0.0290 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 0.0289 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3 ± 0.0 | 0.1583 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.0647 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 0.1583 |
52 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.0005 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.0 | < 0.0001 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.2 | 0.0179 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0062 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0120 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0010 |
80 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2 ± 0.0 | < 0.0001 | 0 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.0 | 0.0075 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.0 | 0.0075 | 0 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | > 0.9999 |
137 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3 ± 0.1 | 0.0075 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2508 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2508 | 0 ± 0.0 | 0 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.1011 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3 ± 0.2 | 0.3982 |
ATCC 33591 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0158 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 0.0514 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 0.0514 | 0 ± 0.0 | 0 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 | 0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | < 0.0001 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 2 ± 0.0 | > 0.9999 |
