Figure 2

 P-MSCs ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in obesity-induced Type 2 diabetes complication in WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats. (a) In vivo imaging showing the tracking of DiD labeled P-MSCs after intramuscular injection into WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats on 1, 7, and 48 days. Note that warmer colors indicate more accumulation of cells. A bar diagram indicating the relative epifluorescence in each of the condition is also shown next to the in vivo imaging. The data is normalized to the epifluorescence taken at day 1 of WNIN/Control rats injected with P-MSCs. (b) Line diagram showing the glucose concentration in WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats after a glucose tolerance test (intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test [IPGTT], before and after P-MSCs injection and insulin tolerance test (intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test [ITT]), before and after P-MSCs injection. (c) Bar diagram indicating the levels of Insulin, C-peptide, Glucagon in WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats with and without P-MSCs injection. (d,e) Bar diagram indicating the levels of HOMA-IR and levels of HOMA-β in WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats, with and without P-MSCs injection. (f) Heat maps showing the cytokine relative fold change in the serum of WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats, with and without human P-MSCs injection. Colours are assigned according to the relative scale of expression, ranging from 0–150 au (arbitrary units) for serum, representing a fold-increase change in WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats vs. WNIN/Control rats. (g) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentration profile in serum in WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats, with and without human P-MSCs injection, using Luminex system. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA comparing the Control group and the P-MSCs injected group of WNIN/Control and WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). The error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean. n = 6 rats per group.