Figure 2

Concentrations of pesticides detected in bee-collected pollen from colonies. Each data point represents the concentration of an active ingredient found in an individual sample. Pesticides were detected in pollen collected from honey bees in 2018 (grey), pollen collected from honey bees in 2019 (yellow), and pollen collected from bumble bees in 2019 (blue). Dark lines indicate the median, diamonds indicate the mean, boxes represent the upper and lower quartile, whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum concentration detected (besides outliers), and the dots represent outliers. Letters indicate significant differences between the pesticide types and this pattern was consistent when all samples were combined for analyses, or when samples were separated out by bee and year for analyses. Graph created in R³⁰ v3.6.2 with the package ggplot2⁴³.