Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

From: Association of proteinuria and incident atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes mellitus: a population-based senior cohort study

 

DM-Prot-

(n = 202,291)

DM + Prot-

(n = 31,088)

DM-Prot + 

(n = 4953)

DM + Prot + 

(n = 2167)

Maximum pairwise standardized mean difference*

Before IPTW

After IPTW

Mean age (SD), y

70.60 (5.42)

70.76 (5.05)

71.56 (5.89)

71.11 (5.17)

0.098

0.006

Male, n (%)

91,061 (45.0)

13,965 (44.9)

2309 (46.6)

1207 (55.7)

0.114

0.044

BMI (mean (SD))

23.55 (3.16)

24.47 (3.15)

23.95 (3.40)

24.59 (3.31)

0.187

0.018

Smoking (%)

    

0.092

0.044

No

151,150 (78.7)

23,566 (79.5)

3642 (77.1)

1519 (73.5)

  

Former

14,636 (7.6)

2556 (8.6)

434 (9.2)

234 (11.3)

  

Current

26,247 (13.7)

3531 (11.9)

647 (13.7)

315 (15.2)

  

Alcohol (%)

    

0.06

0.044

Low (≤ 3/month)

146,146 (73.8)

23,546 (77.2)

3609 (74.3)

1587 (74.4)

  

Moderate (1–2/week)

30,127 (15.2)

4204 (13.8)

709 (14.6)

342 (16.0)

  

Heavy (≥ 3/week)

21,694 (11.0)

2748 (9.0)

542 (11.2)

204 (9.6)

  

Economic status (%)

    

0.046

0.043

Low (0–4)

63,102 (31.2)

9246 (29.7)

1515 (30.6)

607 (28.0)

  

Middle (5–8)

70,691 (34.9)

10,580 (34.0)

1715 (34.6)

761 (35.1)

  

High (9–10)

68,498 (33.9)

11,262 (36.2)

1723 (34.8)

799 (36.9)

  

Hypertension (%)

94,814 (46.9)

23,548 (75.7)

3051 (61.6)

1868 (86.2)

0.500

0.041

Dyslipidemia (%)

53,264 (26.3)

18,016 (58.0)

1592 (32.1)

1347 (62.2)

0.472

0.055

CKD or ESRD (%)

1733 (0.9)

668 (2.1)

152 (3.1)

140 (6.5)

0.167

0.007

History of MI (%)

2650 (1.3)

930 (3.0)

108 (2.2)

95 (4.4)

0.103

0.021

COPD (%)

13,528 (6.7)

2491 (8.0)

377 (7.6)

191 (8.8)

0.042

0.022

Liver disease (%)

41,201 (20.4)

9880 (31.8)

1079 (21.8)

684 (31.6)

0.168

0.047

Malignancy (%)

20,796 (10.3)

4149 (13.3)

593 (12.0)

297 (13.7)

0.060

0.024

CHD (%)

2783 (1.4)

1088 (3.5)

86 (1.7)

98 (4.5)

0.113

0.029

Sleep apnea (%)

101 (0.0)

27 (0.1)

5 (0.1)

0.0 (0.0)

0.026

0.027

Anemia (%)

33,586 (16.6)

6066 (19.5)

1066 (21.5)

666 (30.7)

0.177

0.033

Bleeding (%)

5216 (2.6)

1187 (3.8)

193 (3.9)

108 (5.0)

0.064

0.036

Coagulation or platelet defect (%)

2070 (1.0)

528 (1.7)

65 (1.3)

38 (1.8)

0.037

0.013

Venous thromboembolism (%)

1142 (0.6)

348 (1.1)

33 (0.7)

27 (1.2)

0.044

0.014

Hypothyroidism (%)

5137 (2.5)

1222 (3.9)

130 (2.6)

77 (3.6)

0.048

0.010

Hyperthyroidism (%)

4629 (2.3)

1173 (3.8)

129 (2.6)

98 (4.5)

0.073

0.010

Osteoporosis (%)

57,076 (28.2)

10,076 (32.4)

1290 (26.0)

556 (25.7)

0.083

0.022

Blood glucose (mg/dL)

97.2 ± 21.4

134.2 ± 51.3

103.7 ± 30.8

148.9 ± 59.1

0.717

0.763

Creatinine (mg/dL)†

0.95 ± 0.77

1.02 ± 1.09

1.14 ± 1.72

1.28 ± 1.02

0.168

0.066

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)†

73.7 ± 16.4

70.9 ± 17.9

67.1 ± 19.3

62.0 ± 22.3

0.336

0.162

  1. Values are expressed in n (%), mean ± SD.
  2. BMI body mass index, CHD coronary heart disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESRD end-stage renal disease, IPTW inverse probability of treatment weighting, MI myocardial infarction, SD standard deviation.
  3. *Proposed cut offs for acceptable standardized differences ranged from 0.1 to 0.25.
  4. †Creatinine and eGFR were available in 19.7% of study population (N = 19,320).
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