Table 1 Characteristics of included studies.
Study ID | Country | Anesthesia | Approach | Number per group | Age | Intervention time point | BMI | Intervention drugs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QLB | CON | QLB | CON | QLB | CON | QLB | CON | |||||
Blanco9 | United Arab Emirates | Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg and fentanyl 20 mg | Posterior QLB | 25 | 23 | 47.6 ± 12.8 | 46.4 ± 13.8 | At the end of surgery | NR | NR | 0.125% bupivacaine 0.2 ml/kg on each side | 0.9% normal saline 0.2 ml/kg on each side |
Hansen29 | Denmark | Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 10 mg and sufentanil 2.5 µg | Transmuscular QLB | 34 | 34 | 32.3 ± 5.7 | 31.5 ± 4.9 | Following completion of the surgery | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 30.2 ± 3.4 | 30 ml of ropivacaine 0.375% on each side | 30 ml of saline 0.9% on each side |
He19 | China | Epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine 60–100 mg | Lateral QLB | 30 | 30 | 28.3 ± 2.9 | 27.1 ± 3.2 | Following completion of the surgery | NR | NR | 0.33% ropivacaine 20 ml on each side | None |
Krohg10 | Switzerland | Spinal anesthesia with isobaric bupivacaine 10 mg and sufentanil 4 μg | Lateral QLB | 20 | 20 | 34 ± 4 | 36 ± 4 | Within the first hour after cesarean delivery | 26 ± 3 | 28 ± 3 | 0.2% ropivacaine 0.4 ml/kg with a maximum of 30 ml on each side | 0.9% saline 0.4 ml/kg with a maximum of 30 ml on each side |
Shan15 | China | Spinal anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 12 mg | Transmuscular QLB | 30 | 30 | 27 ± 4 | 28 ± 3 | Following completion of the surgery | NR | NR | 0.25% ropivacaine 0.5 ml/kg on each side | None |
Tamura20 a | Japan | Spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 11–13 mg and fentanyl 10 μg and morphine 0.1 mg | Posterior QLB | 34 | 38 | 35.2 ± 4.2 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | Immediately after surgery | NR | NR | 0.3% ropivacaine 0.45 ml/kg each sideup to a maximum of 75 mg | Saline 0.45 ml/kg each side |
Tamura20 b | Japan | Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% 11–13 mg and fentanyl 10 μg | Posterior QLB | 36 | 38 | 33.2 ± 4.8 | 35.3 ± 4.8 | Immediately after surgery | NR | NR | 0.3% ropivacaine 0.45 ml/kg each sideup to a maximum of 75 mg | Saline 0.45 ml/kg each side |
Zhang17 | China | Combined spinal and epidural analgesia | Posterior QLB | 30 | 30 | 32.1 ± 4.1 | 32.5 ± 4.8 | After surgery | NR | NR | 0.25% ropivacaine 30 ml each side | None |
Zhang16 | China | General anesthesia | Posterior QLB | 25 | 25 | 29.2 ± 0.8 | 28.5 ± 0.5 | After surgery | 38.4 ± 0.2 | 38.9 ± 0.2 | 0.3% ropivacaine 25 ml on each side | None |
Irwin19 | Ireland | Spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% 2.0–2.3 ml including morphine 0.1 mg and fentanyl 20 μg | Posterior QLB | 44 | 42 | 35 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 | After surgery | 27 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 0.25% revobupivacaine 20 ml injected on each side | None |
Salama12 | Egypt | Spinal anesthesia with 12.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and fentanyl 10 µg | Posterior QLB | 30 | 30 | 31.09 ± 5.87 | 32.49 ± 6.57 | After surgery | 29.17 ± 6.17 | 29.63 ± 6.74 | 24 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine on each side | Same volume of 0.9% saline |
Mieszkowski11 | Poland | Spinal anesthesia i with 12.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and fentanyl 20 µg | Lateral QLB | 28 | 30 | 28.75 ± 3.25 | 29.29 ± 4.55 | After wound closure | 30.43 ± 4.09 | 30.63 ± 4.85 | 24 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine per side (in total 180 mg) | None |
Wang18 | China | Spinal anesthesia with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% | Lateral QLB | 35 | 35 | 26.4 ± 4.1 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | After wound closure | 29.1 ± 1.7 | 29.5 ± 1.9 | 24 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine per side (in total 180 mg) | Same volume of 0.9% saline |
Cai13 | China | Combined spinal and epidural analgesia | Posterior QLB | 231 | 232 | 29.52 ± 7.48 | 29.99 ± 7.45 | After surgery | NR | NR | 30 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine per side | None |
