Table 2 Sonographic measurements of diaphragm and results of spirometry stratified by group.

From: Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis following costoclavicular versus supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial

 

Group C (n = 35)

Group S (n = 40)

Effect size (95% CI)

p-value

HDP, n (%)

4 (11.4%)

19 (47.5%)

 − 36 (− 54 to − 16)

0.002a

Complete , n (%)

1 (2.9%)

9 (22.5%)

  

Partial, n (%)

3 (8.6%)

10 (25.0%)

  

No paralysis, n (%)

31 (88.6%)

21 (52.5%)

  

Diaphragm thickness (mm)

Pre-block inspiration, median [IQR]

3.6 [2.9; 4.2]

4.0 [3.2; 4.8]

 − 0.4 (− 1 to 0.3)

0.435c

Pre-block expiration, median [IQR]

1.8 [1.6; 2.5]

2.1 [1.7; 2.5]

 − 0.3 (− 0.5 to 0.2)

0.555c

Post-block inspiration, median [IQR]

3.1 [2.7; 3.7]

2.5 [2.0; 3.2]

0.6 (0.15 to 1.1)

0.009c

Post-block expiration, median [IQR]

1.9 [1.6; 2.4]

2.0 [1.6; 2.2]

0.1 (− 0.3 to 0.2)

0.898c

Δ inspiration, median [IQR]

0.4 [ 0.0; 1.0]

1.4 [ 0.4; 1.9]

 − 1 (− 1.3 to − 0.3)

0.012c

Δ expiration, median [IQR]

0.0 [− 0.2; 0.2]

0.0 [− 0.2; 0.2]

0 (− 0.2 to 0.1)

0.757c

DTF (%)

Pre-block, median [IQR]

87.5 [63.8;115.1]

87.2 [64.5;112.6]

0.3 (− 16.3 to 24.5)

0.907c

Post-block, median [IQR]

64.0 [31.2;80.0]

21.8 [6.1;51.2]

42.2 (16.2 to 56.2)

0.001c

Δ DTF, mean (SD), 95% CI

30.3 (44.0), 12.3 to 480.2

56.9 (39.3), 38.3 to 750.5

 − 30.5 (− 60.4 to − 11.3)

0.007b

Pre-block

FVC (L), mean (SD)

3.2 (0.9)

3.3 (1.0)

 − 0.2 (− 0.6 to − 0.3)

0.481b

FEV1 (L), mean (SD)

2.8 (0.8)

2.9 (0.9)

 − 0.04 (− 0.4 to 0.3)

0.983b

PEFR (L/s), mean (SD)

6.7 (2.1)

6.1 (2.2)

0.5 (− 0.4 to 1.5)

0.275b

Post-block

FVC (L), mean (SD)

3.1 (0.9)

2.8 (0.9)

0.3 (− 0.1 to 0.7)

0.122b

FEV1 (L), mean (SD)

2.6 (0.7)

2.3 (0.9)

0.3 (− 0.1 to 0.6)

0.144b

PEFR (L/s), mean (SD)

6.0 (2.1)

4.9 (2.3)

1.1 (0.2 to 2.1)

0.025b

Δ FVC (L), median [IQR]

0.1 [− 0.1; 0.3]

0.4 [0.2; 0.8]

 − 0.3 (− 0.5 to − 0.2)

 < 0.001c

Δ FEV1 (L), median [IQR]

0.2 [0.0, 0.3]

0.5 [0.2; 0.7]

  

Δ PEFR (L/s), mean (SD)

0.7 (1.3)

1.2 (1.4)

 − 0.6 (− 1.2 to 0.04)

0.069b

Δ FVC (%), mean (SD)

1.9 (10.6)

15.6 (16.8)

 − 12.2 (− 20.3 to − 3.6)

 < 0.001b

Δ FEV1 (%), mean (SD)

6.4 (9.2)

18.3 (17.7)

 − 12.5 (− 19.1 to − 0.5)

 < 0.001b

Δ PEFR (%), mean (SD)

8.5 (18.2)

20.4 (25.8)

 − 11.4 (− 22.1 to 0.2)

0.002b

  1. Effect size (risk difference for categorical variable, mean or median differences for continuous variables) are differences (Group C − Group S). The p-value < 0.016 was considered statistically significant using Bonferroni correction except the primary outcome.
  2. DTF diaphragm thickning fraction, HDP hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (DTF < 20%), FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, PEFR peak expiratory flow rate, Δ delta (pre–post value), CI confidence interval.
  3. aFisher’s exact test.
  4. bIndependent t-test.
  5. cMann–Whitney U test.
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