Table 2 Relationship between hand surface organic acids and antimicrobial activity.

From: Lactic acid as a major contributor to hand surface infection barrier and its association with morbidity to infectious disease

	Components³	Value¹			Correlation coefficient²			P-value²
	Components³	Maximum	Minimum	Mean	E. coli	S. aureus	Influenza A Virus	E. coli	S. aureus	Influenza A virus
Organic acid (nmol/cm²)	Lactic acid	906	6	212	0.5561	0.6836	0.6689	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Urocanic acid	14.90	0.17	3.25	0.3080	0.2514	0.1816	0.023	0.067	0.189
	Malic acid	1.308	0.150	0.585	0.5834	0.6339	0.6272	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Asparagine	1.710	0.062	0.570	0.0487	0.0611	0.1931	0.726	0.661	0.162
	2-hydroxybutyricacid	0.223	0.029	0.116	0.5170	0.6253	0.6325	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Glycolic acid	0.2140	0.0144	0.0652	0.0841	− 0.0392	− 0.0738	0.545	0.778	0.596
	Citric acid	0.2138	0.0027	0.0487	0.5335	0.5568	0.5353	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Ascorbic acid	0.1167	0.0000	0.0270	0.5750	0.6948	0.6946	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Azelaic acid	0.1136	0.0023	0.0203	0.4100	0.3013	0.3391	0.002	0.027	0.012
	2-oxoglutarate	0.0698	0.0000	0.0202	0.5981	0.7455	0.7537	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Suberic acid	0.0426	0.0016	0.0127	0.3889	0.2933	0.3232	0.004	0.031	0.017
	Succinic acid	0.1403	0.0006	0.0113	− 0.0095	0.1295	0.0238	0.946	0.351	0.864
	Fumaric acid	0.0375	0.0000	0.0105	0.5234	0.7057	0.6669	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Sebacic acid	0.01209	0.00008	0.00161	0.1328	0.2002	0.1262	0.339	0.147	0.363
	Pyridoxine	0.024862	0.000000	0.000845	− 0.0890	− 0.0661	− 0.0938	0.522	0.635	0.500
	Nicotinic acid	0.002420	0.000000	0.000257	0.0638	0.0492	0.0635	0.647	0.724	0.648
	Pantothenic acid	0.0019567	0.0000000	0.0000642	− 0.0262	− 0.0580	− 0.0776	0.851	0.677	0.577
	FFA [C12:0]	0.23	0.01	0.04	− 0.2586	− 0.2410	− 0.1374	0.059	0.079	0.322
	SQ	0.18	0.01	0.04	− 0.0874	− 0.0706	− 0.0919	0.530	0.612	0.509
	FFA[C18:0]	0.15	0.01	0.03	− 0.2934	− 0.3120	− 0.2542	0.031	0.022	0.064
	FFA[C18:1]	0.10	0.00	0.02	0.0688	− 0.0405	0.0740	0.621	0.771	0.595
	WE	0.10	0.00	0.01	− 0.2548	− 0.2342	− 0.2209	0.063	0.088	0.109
	FFA[C16:1]	0.06	0.00	0.01	0.0188	− 0.1093	− 0.0826	0.893	0.432	0.553
	SQepo	0.05	0.00	0.01	− 0.0573	0.0238	− 0.0126	0.681	0.864	0.928
	FFA[C15:0]	0.03	0.00	0.01	− 0.0093	− 0.1336	− 0.1445	0.947	0.335	0.297
	ChE	0.020	0.000	0.005	0.0221	0.0224	0.0261	0.874	0.872	0.851
	DAG	0.030	0.000	0.004	− 0.2956	− 0.3269	− 0.3575	0.030	0.016	0.008
	SQOOH	0.010	0.000	0.001	− 0.0947	− 0.0545	− 0.2466	0.496	0.695	0.072

¹The numbers correspond to the amounts that exist on the hand surface and are arranged in order of mean value.
²Correlation and P-value between each compound and antimicrobial activity were calculated using Holm-corrected Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Bold numbers show significant differences (P-value less than 0.05).
³Bold indicates the compounds that were significantly correlated with all antibacterial and antiviral activities.

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Table 2 Relationship between hand surface organic acids and antimicrobial activity.

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