Table 2 Descriptive summary for risk factors of adolescents by gender and year.

From: Longitudinal assessment between lifestyle-related risk factors and a composite cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk index among adolescents in Malaysia

Risk factors

2012 (n = 1320)

2014 (n = 881)

2016 (n = 637)

Male (n = 510)

Female (n = 810)

Male (n = 303)

Female (n = 578)

Male (n = 182)

Female (n = 455)

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Biological CVD risk factors

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

110.65 ± 10.95

108.53 ± 11.16

109.54 ± 12.72

104.05 ± 12.57

111.86 ± 11.60

107.08 ± 12.15

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

68.88 ± 10.49

67.05 ± 10.26

66.99 ± 10.15

64.76 ± 9.82

68.62 ± 8.54

65.81 ± 9.16

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.45 ± 0.31

1.49 ± 0.30

1.35 ± 0.30

1.47 ± 0.29

1.36 ± 0.26

1.54 ± 0.29

Total cholesterol:HDL ratio

3.22 ± 0.77

3.23 ± 0.70§

3.39 ± 0.90

3.33 ± 0.73§

3.18 ± 0.72

3.12 ± 0.71§

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.68 ± 0.72

2.77 ± 0.71

2.62 ± 0.73

2.89 ± 0.71

2.47 ± 0.75

2.74 ± 0.69

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.87 ± 0.38

0.92 ± 0.38

0.92 ± 0.45

0.87 ± 0.33§

0.86 ± 0.38

0.81 ± 0.33§

Body fat %

18.54 ± 14.41

25.72 ± 10.46

15.85 ± 11.13

29.42 ± 8.88

14.13 ± 8.82

28.66 ± 7.96

Lifestyle-related risk factors

Physical fitness score

72.48 ± 10.69

62.66 ± 10.26

71.99 ± 13.06

51.60 ± 18.03

103.32 ± 18.80

73.79 ± 19.97

Body mass index (kg/m2)

19.67 ± 4.85

19.69 ± 4.40§

20.68 ± 4.93

21.37 ± 4.74

21.06 ± 4.91

21.89 ± 5.03

Dietary intake

Energy (kcal)

1553.70 ± 420.78

1393.17 ± 402.30

2006.80 ± 637.76

1655.94 ± 534.04

2041.24 ± 565.94

1605.64 ± 460.23

Sodium (g)

2215.18 ± 787.06

1937.48 ± 703.62

2712.93 ± 1129.08

2428.54 ± 1246.09

2890.13 ± 1514.76

2745.70 ± 5498.32§

Cholesterol (g)

214.59 ± 105.77

180.78 ± 85.69

260.79 ± 128.74

213.23 ± 112.33

242.05 ± 126.77

192.82 ± 95.04

Protein as % energy

14.75 ± 2.35

14.82 ± 2.27§

14.93 ± 2.57

15.30 ± 2.26

13.72 ± 2.59

14.69 ± 2.56

Fat as % energy

29.85 ± 6.18

29.63 ± 4.58§

30.17 ± 4.73

31.93 ± 5.24

28.64 ± 6.04

31.46 ± 5.04

  1. All measurements of biological CVD risk factors and lifestyle-related risk factors were significantly different between male and female adolescents except for values with § indicates not significant.
Back to article page