Table 4 Direct and indirect effects and intermediate rate of predictor variables.

From: Decreased head circumference at birth associated with maternal tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy on the Japanese prospective birth cohort study

Pathways

 

Standardized coefficients

Model A

Maternal smoking → Offspring’s HC (direct effect)

− 0.027

Maternal smoking → PWR → Offspring’s HC (indirect effect)

0.003

Model B

Maternal smoking → Offspring’s HC (direct effect)

− 0.025

Maternal smoking → PWR → Offspring’s HC (indirect effect)

0

Model C

Maternal smoking → Offspring’s HC (direct effect)

− 0.025

Maternal smoking → PWR → Offspring’s HC (indirect effect)

0

Model D

Maternal smoking → Offspring’s HC (direct effect)

− 0.026

Maternal smoking → PWR → Offspring’s HC (indirect effect)

0.001

Model E

Maternal smoking → Offspring’s HC (direct effect)

− 0.025

Maternal smoking → PWR → Offspring’s HC (indirect effect)

0

  1. Each model is assigned for the Fig. 2 panel with same letter (e.g. Model A is assigned for Fig. 2A).
  2. HC head circumference, PWR placental weight ratio.
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