Figure 1

An overview of the research design and the links between the different research stages; Study 1 includes two stages: (1) A wayfinding experiment in desktop VR under two systematically varied multilevel environments and (2) An analysis of the experiments’ results to quantify the effects of visibility on wayfinding behavioral characteristics. On the basis of this analysis, we conducted study 2 that included two additional research stages: (3) Modeling of a visibility-based cognitive agent that aims to capture observed human wayfinding behavior and finally stage (4) A comparative analysis that analyzed the similarity between agents’ and humans’ wayfinding behavior in respective environments (i.e., distributed versus centralized atria-type). Software used to create this figure: Python34 (version 3.5.8), https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-358/; Seaborn35 (version 0.11.1), https://seaborn.pydata.org/index.html;Matplotlib36 (version 3.3.2), https://matplotlib.org/3.3.2/users/installing.html; Rhino 6 for Windows (Version 6)37, https://www.rhino3d.com/download/; QGis38 (version 3.16), https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html.