Table 1 Comparisons of baseline clinical characteristics between patients with and without diabetes.
From: Sleep quality, autonomic dysfunction and renal function in diabetic patients with pre-CKD phase
Variables | Total | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 754 | 231 | 523 | |
Age, years | 57.7 ± 0.5 | 62.1 ± 0.7 | 55.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Male gender, n (%) | 353 (46.8) | 130 (56.3) | 223 (42.6) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | 25.5 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 179 (23.7) | 68 (29.4) | 111 (21.2) | 0.018 |
Past history of CVD, n (%) | 94 (12.5) | 45 (19.5) | 49 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 115.2 ± 1.4 | 122.7 ± 2.0 | 111.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69.0 ± 0.8 | 72.3 ± 1.2 | 67.4 ± 1.1 | 0.016 |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 110.2 ± 2.0 | 102.4 ± 3.1 | 114.4 ± 2.5 | < 0.011 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.9 ± 0.7 | 52.6 ± 1.0 | 57.6 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
Triacylglycerol, mg/dL | 129.9 ± 3.6 | 137.9 ± 7.3 | 125.6 ± 3.9 | 0.151 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.4 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.0 | 0.590 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.1 | 0.066 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.65 ± 0.00 | 0.64 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.00 | 0.487 |
Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 88.0 ± 0.7 | 89.8 ± 1.5 | 87.3 ± 0.8 | 0.133 |
Albuminuria, mg/gCr | 5.9 (0.0–15.1) | 10.2 (0.0–30.3) | 4.7 (0.0–11.5) | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 108.1 ± 1.2 | 134.1 ± 2.7 | 94.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 470 (62.3) | 166 (71.9) | 304 (58.1) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 402 (53.3) | 154 (66.7) | 248 (47.4) | < 0.001 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs | ||||
Calcium-channel blockers, n (%) | 313 (41.5) | 103 (44.6) | 210 (40.2) | 0.289 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 148 (19.6) | 76 (32.9) | 72 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
α or β blocker, n (%) | 84 (11.1) | 23 (10.0) | 61 (11.7) | 0.575 |
Diuretic agent, n (%) | 40 (5.3) | 18 (7.8) | 22 (4.2) | 0.064 |
Statin, n (%) | 193 (25.6) | 100 (43.3) | 93 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
Anti-diabetic drugs | ||||
DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%) | – | 79 (34.1) | – | N/A |
GLP-1 analogue, n (%) | – | 12 (5.1) | – | N/A |
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | – | 49 (21.3) | – | N/A |
Thiazolidine, n (%) | – | 18 (3.5) | – | N/A |
Metformin, n (%) | – | 75 (32.5) | – | N/A |
SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%) | – | 2 (0.9) | – | N/A |
Insulin, n (%) | – | 45 (19.6) | – | N/A |
Diabetes duration, years | – | 9.1 ± 0.6 | – | N/A |
Diabetic microvascular complications | ||||
Neuropathy, n (%) | – | 70 (30.3) | – | N/A |
Retinopathy, n (%) | – | 28 (12.1) | – | N/A |
Nephropathy, n (%) | – | 135 (58.4) | – | N/A |
PSQ, n (%) | 102 (13.5) | 35 (15.2) | 67 (12.8) | 0.41 |
Activity index | 30.5 (21.8–42.5) | 33.5 (25.4–44.7) | 29.7 (20.4–41.1) | 0.003 |
Number | 722 | 225 | 497 | – |
Sleep apnea, n (%) | 373 (51.7) | 150 (66.6) | 223 (44.8) | < 0.001 |
REI | 5.6 (1.4–12.9) | 8.9 (3.2–17.9) | 4.0 (0.9–11.0) | < 0.001 |
Number | 697 | 213 | 484 | – |
Low HRV, n (%) | 348 (49.9) | 120 (56.3) | 228 (47.1) | 0.039 |
CVRR | 13.5 (11.4–16.1) | 12.9 (11.2–15.5) | 13.7 (11.5–16.3) | 0.427 |
