Table 2 Univariate Cox proportional analyses of the factors associated with renal outcome.

From: Sleep quality, autonomic dysfunction and renal function in diabetic patients with pre-CKD phase

Variables

Diabetes

Non-diabetes

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

Age (per 10-year period)

1.46 (1.02–2.07)

0.034

1.83 (1.49–2.25)

 < 0.001

Gender (female = 0, male = 1)

0.83 (0.41–1.70)

0.619

1.56 (0.99–2.48)

0.054

Body mass index (< 25 kg/m2 = 0, ≥ 25 kg/m2 = 1)

1.26 (0.62–2.56)

0.515

0.90 (0.54–1.48)

0.680

Current smoking (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.61 (0.25–1.50)

0.285

1.09 (0.63–1.88)

0.748

Past history of CVD (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.83 (0.86–3.89)

0.114

2.15 (1.15–4.00)

0.015

Systolic BP

1.02 (1.00–1.04)

0.081

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.701

Diastolic BP

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.622

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.183

LDL-cholesterol

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

0.119

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.295

HDL-cholesterol

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.951

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.147

Triacylglycerol

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.738

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

0.585

Uric acid

1.04 (0.82–1.33)

0.720

1.08 (0.90–1.28)

0.395

Baseline eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73 m2)

0.80 (0.70–0.91)

 < 0.001

0.56 (0.48–0.64)

 < 0.001

Albuminuria (< 30 mg/gCr = 0, ≥ 30 mg/gCr = 1)

2.67 (1.31–5.42)

0.006

3.56 (2.06–6.14)

 < 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.941

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.281

HbA1c

0.99 (0.76–1.28)

0.959

1.24 (0.61–2.52)

0.546

Hypertension (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.80 (0.73–4.40)

0.196

3.47 (1.94–6.22)

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.13 (0.53–2.40)

0.748

1.42 (0.89–2.25)

0.137

Anti-hypertensive drugs

Calcium-channel blockers (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.04 (0.99–4.22)

0.052

2.41 (1.51–3.85)

 < 0.001

ACE inhibitor or ARB (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.79 (0.88–3.65)

0.104

1.65 (0.94–2.88)

0.077

α or β blocker (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.86 (0.65–5.35)

0.246

2.54 (1.49–4.33)

 < 0.001

Diuretic agent (no = 0, yes = 1)

3.65 (1.49–8.94)

0.004

1.64 (0.66–4.07)

0.285

Statin (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.86 (0.90–3.84)

0.091

2.17 (1.33–3.54)

0.001

Anti-diabetic drugs

DPP-4 inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.87 (0.41–1.85)

0.725

N/A

 

GLP-1 analogue (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.43 (0.73–8.06)

0.144

N/A

 

Sulfonylurea (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.51 (0.18–1.47)

0.217

N/A

 

Thiazolidine (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.66 (0.15–2.81)

0.582

N/A

 

Metformin (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.45 (0.71–2.97)

0.305

N/A

 

SGLT2 inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1)

N/A

 

N/A

 

Insulin (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.47 (0.65–3.28)

0.348

N/A

 

Diabetes duration

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.006

N/A

 

Diabetic microvascular complications

Neuropathy (no = 0, yes = 1)

1.35 (0.66–2.75)

0.401

N/A

 

Retinopathy (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.10 (0.89–4.91)

0.086

N/A

 

Nephropathy (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.11 (1.05–4.24)

0.035

N/A

 

PSQ (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.90 (1.36–6.18)

0.005

2.40 (1.43–4.03)

 < 0.001

Sleep apnea (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.26 (0.86–5.92)

0.094

2.54 (1.56–4.13)

 < 0.001

Low HRV (no = 0, yes = 1)

2.43 (1.09–5.41)

0.029

1.49 (0.91–2.43)

0.106

  1. DM diabetes mellitus, CVD cardiovascular disease, BP blood pressure, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, DPP dipeptidyl peptidase, GLP glucagon-like peptide, PSQ poor sleep quality, HRV heart rate variability, NA not applicable, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
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