Figure 2

The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of 19 wheat accessions, representing three wild and domesticated tetraploid wheat subspecies at various stages of domestication: wild emmer wheat (WEW; T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), domesticated emmer wheat (DEW; T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum), durum landraces (LD; T. turgidum ssp. durum), and modern durum (MD; Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; see Table 1 for details of each accession). (A, B) Heat-maps of the (A) embryo and (B) endosperm metabolomes, generated based on the quantile-normalized average values of metabolites per accession. Red metabolites were upregulated, and green metabolites were downregulated. (C) Dendrogram showing relationships among the wheat embryo metabolomes based on the hierarchical clustering patterns of the heat-map shown in (A). The longer the Euclidean distance between two accessions, the greater the difference between the respective metabolomes.