Table 1 Liver phenotype in UK Biobank cohorts with celiac disease, Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis compared to controls.

	Controls n = 488.941	Celiac disease (CeD) n = 2 377	Crohn (CD) n = 1 738	Ulcerative colitis (UC) n = 3 684	p-value CeD vs. Controls	p-value UC vs. Controls	p-value CD vs. Controls
Characteristics					Univariate	Univariate	Univariate
Age (years)	56.5 ± 8.1	58.0 ± 7.8	56.6 ± 8.1	57.6 ± 7.9	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.61
Women (%)	54	65	57	48	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.020
BMI (kg/m²)	27.4 ± 4.8	26.1 ± 4.8	27.0 ± 4.9	27.6 ± 4.7	< 0.001	0.13	< 0.001
Alcohol (g/d)	8.8 ± 10.1	6.6 ± 8.5	6.7 ± 9.1	8.4 ± 10.1	< 0.001	0.031	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus (%)	5.3	5.2	6.9	7.5	0.81	< 0.001	0.002
Smoking current	10.4	8.0	17.6	7.9	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001
Previous	34.3	33.7	39.5	45.8
Never	54.9	57.9	42.6	45.9
Liver-related ICD10codes					Multivariable	Multivariable	Multivariable
Cirrhosis (%)	0.21	0.55	0.81	0.84	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^b	< 0.001^c
Chronic hepatitis (%)	0.03	0.29	0.23	0.16	< 0.001^d	< 0.001^e	< 0.001^f
AIH (%)	0.04	0.25	0.35	0.24	< 0.001^g	< 0.001^h	< 0.001ⁱ
NASH (%)	0.07	0.25	0.29	0.16	< 0.001^j	0.065	0.002^k
Cholelithiasis (%)	3.9	6.1	10.8	5.9	< 0.001^l	< 0.001^m	< 0.001ⁿ
Cholecystitis (%)	0.7	1.1	2.0	1.2	0.071	0.007^o	< 0.001^p
Cholangitis (%)	0.14	0.29	0.52	1.85	0.061	< 0.001^q	< 0.001^r
HCC (%)	0.04	0.17	0.23	0.08	0.002^s	0.34	< 0.001^t
CCA (%)	0.04	0.04	0.17	0.11	0.78	0.21	0.042^u
Surgery
Bowel resection (%)	0.9	1.2	31.5	10.4	0.36	< 0.001^v	< 0.001^w
Small bowel resection (%)	0.1	0.3	11.2	1.0	0.10	< 0.001^x	< 0.001^y

Quantitative measures are expressed as mean with standard deviation or relative frequency (%). Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, presence of diabetes mellitus, and mean alcohol consumption. p-values 0.001–0.05 in italics and p-value < 0.001 in bold. BMI body mass index, CCA cholangiocarcinoma, NASH Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ^aaOR = 3.59[2.11–6.10]; ^baOR = 3.67[2.55–5.26]; ^caOR = 3.82[2.20–6.65]; ^daOR = 8.51[3.97–18.22]; ^eaOR = 4.80[2.10–10.86]; ^faOR = 6.51[2.41–17.59]; ^gaOR = 5.50[2.43–12.43]; ^haOR = 6.08[3.11–11.88]; ⁱaOR = 7.87[3.48–17.76]; ^jaOR = 4.87[2.16–11.00]; ^kaOR = 4.22[1.74–10.27]; ^laOR = 1.66[1.40–2.00]; ^maOR = 1.57[1.37–1.81]; ⁿaOR = 3.00[2.57–3.52]; ^oaOR = 1.52[1.12–2.07]; ^paOR = 2.70[1.92–3.80]; ^qaOR = 11.73[9.11–15.01]; ^raOR = 3.52[1.82–6.81]; ^saOR = 4.79[1.77–12.96]; ^taOR = 5.93[2.20–16.05]; ^uaOR = 3.26[1.04–10.19]; ^vaOR = 12.632[11.02–13.77]; ^waOR = 53.67[48.11–59.87]; ^xaOR = 7.90[5.63–11.09]; ^yaOR = 102.75[86.45–122.1].

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