Table 3 Incidence rates and crude and multivariate adjusted odd ratios for developing hypertension according to PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations during follow-up (2008–2016).

From: Association between long term exposure to particulate matter and incident hypertension in Spain

 

PM 10 (μg/l)

PM 10

12.21–16.95

16.96–20.00

20.01–22.79

22.80–30.18

p for trend

Per 5-μg/m3 increment

p

Number at risk

278

280

279

266

   

Number developing HT

63

61

74

84

   

OR no weighting

(95% CI)

1

(reference)

0.95

(0.64–1.42)

1.23

(0.84–1.81)

1.58

(1.08–2.31)

0.008

1.22

(1.02–1.45)

0.026

OR with IPW *

(95% CI)

1

(reference)

0.82

(0.59–1.14)

1.28

(0.93–1.78)

1.45

(1.05–2.01)

0.003

1.22

(1.06–1.41)

0.007

 

PM 2.5 (μg/l)

PM 2.5

7.25–9.31

9.32–10.77

10.78–11.79

11.80–16.49

p for trend

Per 5-μg/m3

increment

p

Number at risk

280

275

279

269

   

Number developing HT

68

60

68

86

   

OR no weighting

(95% CI)

1

(reference)

0.87

(0.59–1.29)

1.00

(0.68–1.48)

1.47

(1.01–2.13)

0.032

1.36

(0.99–1.88

0.06

OR with IPW *

(95% CI)

1

(reference)

0.80

(0.57–1.13)

1.11

(0.80–1.53)

1.48

(1.09–2.00)

0.004

1.39

(1.07–1.81)

0.02

  1. CI, confidence Interval; HT, hypertension; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire; IPW, inverse probability weighting. MedScore, mediterranean diet score; PM10, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm; PM2.5, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm; OR, odds ratio.
  2. *Inverse probability weighting (IPW) using as confounding variables age, gender, ethnicity, education level, MedScore, IPAQ, alcohol intake, smoking, BMI, BP levels at baseline, Ambient temperature and Humidity.
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