Figure 1

(a) Location of the mangrove FCC sampling sites along the Gulf of Carpentaria coastline with an inset in the bottom left showing the location of the Gulf of Carpentaria within Australia. The sites with three dieback classes—low (30–59%), moderate (60–79%), and high (80–100%) are marked with yellow circles, blue diamonds and maroon dots, respectively. The coastal Gulf region that is used to define \(\hbox {T}_{{max}}\), rainfall and ESI anomalies are shown in red polygon. The basemap image is obtained from NASA Earth Observatory (https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/73909/december-blue-marble-next-generation-w-topography-and-bathymetry) and processed using the NCAR Command Language version 6.6.2 (http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/). (b–d) Time evolution of mangrove FCC (in %) for the three dieback categories. The solid green curves indicate the averaged FCC across all the sites in each category, while the range of the monthly FCC is shown with grey shading.