Table 1 Profile (socio-demographic and clinical) of notified TB cases in Hong Kong by age, gender, and disease form, 2005–2017.

From: Seasonality of tuberculosis in intermediate endemicity setting dominated by reactivation diseases in Hong Kong

 

Male, n = 40,908; no. (%)

Female, n = 23,478; no. (%)

Pulmonary TBa

Extrapulmonary TB

Pulmonary TBa

Extrapulmonary TB

Aged ≥ 65

Aged < 65

Aged ≥ 65

Aged < 65

Aged ≥ 65

Aged < 65

Aged ≥ 65

Aged < 65

Total no. of TB notifications

17,619

19,222

1666

2401

5765

12,061

1338

4314

Place of birth

Hong Kong

3207 (19.0)

10,835 (58.6)

318 (19.8)

1472 (63.1)

1092 (19.8)

5643 (48.6)

311 (23.80)

1848 (43.8)

Mainland China and Macau

13,290 (78.8)

6900 (37.3)

1227 (76.3)

674 (28.9)

4263 (77.4)

3585 (30.9)

933 (71.5)

1229 (29.2)

Other key Asian countriesb

241 (1.4)

594 (3.2)

44 (2.7)

154 (6.6)

111 (2.0)

2292 (19.7)

44 (3.4)

1114 (26.4)

Miscellaneous

125 (0.7)

160 (0.9)

20 (1.2)

33 (1.4)

44 (0.8)

98 (0.8)

17 (1.3)

24 (0.6)

Permanent HK residencyc

Yes

17,370 (99.7)

18,469 (97.1)

1629 (99.5)

2271 (96.4)

5666 (99.5)

9449 (79.1)

1309 (99.6)

3201 (75.6)

No

48 (0.3)

546 (2.9)

8 (0.5)

85 (3.6)

30 (0.5)

2497 (20.9)

5 (0.4)

1034 (24.4)

Employment status

Full time employment

629 (3.6)

10,259 (53.9)

77 (4.7)

1367 (57.8)

52 (0.9)

6265 (52.3)

25 (1.9)

2345 (54.9)

Students

3 (0.02)

1121 (5.90

1 (0.1)

163 (6.9)

2 (0.03)

970 (8.1)

1 (0.1)

178 (4.2)

Homemaker

18 (0.1)

4 (0.02)

4 (0.2)

3 (0.1)

3892 (68.1)

2977 (24.9)

796 (60.6)

1176 (27.5)

Retired/unemployed

16,496 (94.4)

6781 (35.6)

1522 (92.6)

739 (31.2)

1622 (28.4)

1273 (10.6)

469 (35.7)

451 (10.6)

Others

337 (1.9)

886 (4.7)

40 (2.4)

93 (3.9)

148 (2.6)

491 (4.1)

23 (1.8)

122 (2.9)

Case category

New cases

14,711 (84.0)

17,304 (90.5)

1493 (91.1)

2207 (93.0)

5200 (90.9)

11,364 (94.7)

1252 (94.8)

4013 (93.8)

Previous infected OR treated cases

2792 (16.0)

1824 (9.5)

146 (8.9)

167 (7.0)

523 (9.1)

635 (5.3)

69 (5.2)

263 (6.2)

Sputum smear status

Smear positive

6105 (36.3)

7706 (42.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1700 (31.8)

4237 (37.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Smear negative

10,717 (63.7)

10,551 (57.8)

1029 (100.0)

1599 (100.0)

3639 (68.2)

7090 (62.6)

723 (100.0)

2854 (100.0)

Culture confirmed cases (sputum)

Culture positive

13,588 (84.2)

13,075 (74.6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4131 (80.6)

7590 (70.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Culture negative

2557 (15.8)

4459 (25.4)

847 (100)

1395 (100)

993 (19.4)

3239 (29.9)

621 (100)

2560 (100)

Drug resistance casesd (among those with culture positive status)

Drug resistance

53 (0.4)

154 (1.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

8 (0.2)

86 (1.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Co-morbid illness

Presence of any co-morbid condition

7051 (40.0)

4486 (23.3)

695 (41.7)

399 (16.6)

2157 (37.4)

1483 (12.3)

509 (38.0)

1347 (31.2)

Diabetes mellitus

3048 (17.3)

2831 (14.7)

299 (17.9)

170 (7.1)

1050 (18.2)

736 (6.1)

217 (16.2)

147 (3.4)

Lung cancer

539 (3.1)

229 (1.2)

26 (1.6)

16 (0.7)

108 (1.9)

68 (0.6)

16 (1.2)

14 (0.3)

Other malignancies

1117 (6.3)

631 (3.3)

151 (9.1)

91 (3.8)

280 (4.9)

221 (1.8)

135 (10.1)

133 (3.1)

Chronic renal failure

258 (1.5)

151 (0.8)

74 (4.4)

54 (2.2)

75 (1.3)

59 (0.5)

49 (3.7)

53 (1.2)

HIV infection

33 (0.2)

199 (1.0)

5 (0.3)

40 (1.7)

3 (0.1)

49 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

13 (0.3)

Silicosis and other pneumoconiosis (e.g., asbestosis)

155 (0.9)

130 (0.7)

11 (0.7)

7 (0.3)

2 (0.03)

2 (0.02)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.02)

Others chronic respiratory diseasee

1441 (8.2)

327 (1.7)

70 (4.2)

20 (0.8)

242 (4.2)

135 (1.1)

20 (1.5)

19 (0.4)

Gastrectomy

114 (0.6)

32 (0.2)

17 (1.0)

1 (0.04)

20 (0.3)

3 (0.02)

3 (0.2)

2 (0.05)

General debilitation (due to old age, immobility, stroke)

1966 (11.2)

77 (0.4)

214 (12.8)

6 (0.2)

762 (13.2)

26 (0.2)

162 (12.1)

13 (0.3)

Autoimmune diseasef

113 (0.6)

138 (0.7)

21 (1.3)

24 (1.0)

69 (1.2)

193 (1.6)

28 (2.1)

64 (1.5)

Received organ transplantation

8 (0.05)

27 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

10 (0.4)

1 (0.02)

26 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

Liver diseaseg

76 (0.4)

78 (0.4)

9 (0.5)

12 (0.5)

14 (0.2)

19 (0.2)

6 (0.4)

6 (0.1)

On cytotoxic/steroid/biologics or other immunosuppressant

165 (0.9)

180 (0.9)

20 (1.2)

39 (1.6)

79 (1.4)

235 (1.9)

24 (1.8)

54 (1.3)

  1. aPatients classified as pulmonary TB may include extrapulmonary TB.
  2. bIncluding Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
  3. c7 years of stay in Hong Kong required for permanent residency, except by birth.
  4. dResistance to at least one first line antituberculosis agent.
  5. eIncluding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); bronchiectasis; asthma; interstitial lung disease.
  6. fIncluding systemic lupus erythematosus; Sjogren’s syndrome; multiple sclerosis; myasthenia gravis; Guillain–Barre Syndrome; ankylosing spondylitis; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis. Grave’s disease; Addison’s disease; Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; ulcerative colitis; Crohn’s disease, primary biliary cirrhosis; celiac disease; psoriasis; autoimmune blistering disease (e.g., pemphigus; pemphigoid; Ig-mediated bullous dermatoses); autoimmune encephalitis (e.g., acute disseminated encephalomyelitis); sarcoidosis; vitiligo; antiphospholipid; pernicious anaemia; aplastic anaemia; idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura; autoimmune vasculitis (e.g., Behcet's syndrome; Giant cell arteritis; Churg-Strauss syndrome; Takayasu’s arteritis; polymyalgia rheumatic); Glomerulonephritis; IgA nephropathy; Goodpasture’s syndrome; Wegener’s granulomatosis; scleroderma; polymyositis; dermatomyositis.
  7. gIncluding fatty liver; liver cirrhosis; liver fibrosis.
Back to article page