Table 2 Seasonality of all forms of tuberculosis by gender and age.

From: Seasonality of tuberculosis in intermediate endemicity setting dominated by reactivation diseases in Hong Kong

Age group

Gender

Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)a

Dynamic generalised linear regression (DGLMs)

Global power spectrum: (i.e., presence of dominant annual periodicity)

Local power spectrum: (predictability of seasonal variation: time evolution of annual periodicity)

Seasonal amplitude (peak-to-tough ratio)

Peak timing in year (months)

Maximum (95% CI)

Minimum (95% CI)

Maximum (95% CI)

Minimum (95% CI)

Elderly (≥ 65)

Male

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident from 2005–2012

1.24 (1.15–1.30)

1.14 (1.13–1.23)

6.53 (5.96–6.79)

6.32 (5.88–6.76)

Weaker and non-significant after 2012

Female

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident from 2005–2006; 2008–2012

1.25 (1.16–1.33)

1.25 (1.17–1.35)

7.40 (6.97–7.99)

7.40 (6.94–8.00)

Weaker and non-significant after 2012

Middle aged (45–64)

Male

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident in 2005–2008 and 2012

1.16 (1.09–1.27)

1.16 (1.08–1.25)

6.67 (6.14–7.69)

6.67 (5.81–7.39)

Weaker, non-significant in other time periods

Female

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident from 2005 and 2008–2014

1.30 (1.23–1.40)

1.30 (1.23–1.40)

7.24 (6.87–7.64)

7.24 (6.87–7.66)

Weaker and non-significant after 2014

Adults (30–44)

Male

No significant seasonality

–

–

–

–

–

Female

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident in 2005–2013

1.29 (1.22–1.37)

1.29 (1.22–1.37)

6.58 (6.16–6.89)

6.57 (6.16–6.89)

Weaker and non-significant after 2013

Young adults (15–29)

Male

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident in 2005–2007; 2010–2013

1.20 (1.12–1.31)

1.20 (1.13–1.32)

7.13 (6.31–7.92)

7.13 (6.01–7.91)

Weaker, non-significant in other time periods

Female

Annual seasonality

Strongly evident in 2005–2007

1.28 (1.17–1.38)

1.28 (1.17–1.39)

6.83 (6.23–7.44)

6.83 (6.25–7.44)

Weaker, non-significant in other time periods

Children (0–14)

Male

No significant seasonality

–

–

–

–

–

Female

No significant seasonality

–

–

–

–

–

  1. aStatistical significance of computed wavelet power spectrum was tested against the red noise background representing the null hypothesis that the observed time-series is no different to that expected from a purely random process, with significance level of 95%.
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