Table 5 Clinical outcomes at the 7-year follow-up in the offspring (n = 52) in association with maternal body mass index (BMI) in mid-gestation.

From: The associations between maternal BMI and gestational weight gain and health outcomes in offspring at age 1 and 7 years

  

β (95% CI)

p-value

Anthropometry

Weight SDS

0.102 (0.046, 0.159)

 < 0.001

Height SDS–MPHSDS

0.078 (− 0.005, 0.160)

0.06

BMI SDS

0.084 (0.027, 0.142)

0.005

Body composition

Total body fat (%)a

1.024 (1.002, 1.046)

0.037

Lean mass (%)

− 0.40 (− 0.76, − 0.03)

0.035

Android-to-gynoid-fat ratio

0.002 (− 0.009, 0.013)

0.72

Blood pressure

Systolic (mmHg)

− 0.12 (− 1.04, 0.81)

0.80

Diastolic (mmHg)

− 0.28 (− 0.97, 0.41)

0.42

Glucose homeostasis

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

− 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02)

0.37

Fasting insulin (mIU/L)a

1.032 (0.970, 1.094)

0.28

HOMA-IRa

1.028 (0.962, 1.098)

0.40

Lipid profile

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

− 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.05)

0.59

HDL-C (mmol/L)

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.91

LDL-C (mmol/L)

− 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.065)

0.60

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.74

Total cholesterol/HDL-C

− 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.05)

0.66

Triglycerides/HDL-C

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.78

  1. Data are β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) derived from general linear models, including maternal body mass index (BMI) in mid-gestation, adjusted for child’s sex, age, and trial group allocation.
  2. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MPHSDS, mid-parental height standard deviation score; SDS, standard deviation score.
  3. p-values for statistically significant associations (at p < 0.05) are shown in bold.
  4. aBack-transformed β coefficients represent the proportional change in the outcome in association with maternal BMI.
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