Table 6 Clinical outcomes at the 7-year follow-up in the offspring according to maternal gestational weight gain.

From: The associations between maternal BMI and gestational weight gain and health outcomes in offspring at age 1 and 7 years

  

Excessive GWG

Adequate GWG

p-value

n

 

35

17

 

Anthropometry

Weight SDS

0.48 (0.24, 0.72)

0.17 (− 0.17, 0.52)

0.14

Height SDS–MPHSDS

0.12 (− 0.23, 0.47)

0.26 (− 0.21, 0.74)

0.63

BMI SDS

0.22 (− 0.03, 0.46)

− 0.17 (− 0.51, 0.18)

0.07

Body composition

Total body fat (%)

16.6 (15.2, 18.1)

15.4 (13.5, 17.6)

0.37

Lean mass (%)

78.0 (76.5, 79.5)

79.4 (77.1, 81.6)

0.30

Android-to-gynoid-fat ratio

0.64 (0.59, 0.68)

0.55 (0.49, 0.62)

0.043

Blood pressure

Systolic (mmHg)

98.7 (94.9, 102.5)

97.5 (91.5, 103.4)

0.72

Diastolic (mmHg)

58.8 (56.0, 61.6)

56.7 (52.2, 61.1)

0.42

Glucose homeostasis

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.76 (4.59, 4.94)

4.95 (4.69, 5.22)

0.23

Fasting insulin (mIU/L)

6.02 (4.72, 7.67)

6.11 (4.23, 8.84)

0.94

HOMA-IR

1.27 (0.97, 1.67)

1.34 (0.89, 2.03)

0.83

Lipid profile

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.81 (4.51, 5.12)

4.46 (4.00, 4.92)

0.201

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.57 (1.48, 1.66)

1.75 (1.61, 1.89)

0.038

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.06 (2.75, 3.36)

2.58 (2.11, 3.04)

0.09

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.87 (0.79, 0.96)

0.63 (0.50, 0.76)

0.003

Total cholesterol/HDL-C

3.13 (2.86, 3.39)

2.55 (2.14, 2.96)

0.024

Triglycerides/HDL-C

0.58 (0.50, 0.65)

0.36 (0.24, 0.47)

0.003

  1. Data are model-adjusted means and the respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) derived from general linear models, including maternal body mass index (BMI) in mid-gestation, adjusted for child’s sex, age, and trial group allocation.
  2. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MPHSDS, mid-parental height standard deviation score; SDS, standard deviation score.
  3. p-values for statistically significant differences between the two groups (at p < 0.05) are shown in bold.
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