Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to tertiles of serum 1,25(OH)2D levels (n = 513).

From: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiac valve calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

 

Tertile 1 (< 11.5 pg/dl)

Tertile 2 (11.5–21.4 pg/dl)

Tertile 3 (> 21.4 pg/dl)

P

Age (years)

61.9 ± 10.5

61.2 ± 9.7

58.1 ± 10.0

0.001

Sex, male [n (%)]

86 (51.5%)

88 (50.6%)

89 (51.7%)

0.974

Current smoking [n (%)]

25 (15.0%)

25 (14.4%)

35 (20.3%)

0.260

Diabetes [n (%)]

88 (52.7%)

103 (59.2%)

73 (42.4%)

0.007

Cardiovascular disease [n (%)]

Coronary heart diseasea

47 (28.1%)

38 (21.8%)

26 (15.1%)

0.014

Cerebrovascular diseaseb

17 (10.2%)

12 (6.9%)

25 (14.5%)

0.068

Peripheral vascular disease

15 (9.0%)

16 (9.2%)

7 (4.1%)

0.122

Medication [n (%)]

ACEI or ARB

129 (77.2%)

133 (76.4%)

129 (78.0%)

0.886

Calcium channel blockers

111 (66.5%)

103 (59.2%)

98 (57.0%)

0.174

Beta-blockers

68 (40.7%)

67 (38.5%)

60 (34.9%)

0.535

Diuretics (thiazide)

41 (24.6%)

53 (30.5%)

59 (34.3%)

0.142

Diuretics (loop)

81 (48.5%)

73 (42.0%)

66 (38.4%)

0.162

Anti-platelet agents

57 (34.1%)

61 (35.1%)

40 (23.3%)

0.031

Statins

66 (39.5%)

60 (34.5%)

54 (31.4%)

0.587

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.8 ± 2.3

23.5 ± 2.5

23.7 ± 2.4

0.603

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

140.7 ± 19.3

134.2 ± 17.9

128.6 ± 19.8

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

81.8 ± 15.1

78.8 ± 12.7

77.0 ± 13.5

0.006

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

23.1 ± 12.2

33.8 ± 13.8

36.7 ± 11.5

 < 0.001

Urinary albumin (mg/g Cr)

1473.5 ± 1322.6

1230.7 ± 1113.0

1010.4 ± 975.4

0.001

Albumin (g/dl)

4.0 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.4

4.2 ± 0.3

 < 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dl)

7.7 ± 2.7

7.1 ± 2.9

7.4 ± 2.7

0.216

Calcium (mg/dl)

9.2 ± 0.6

9.2 ± 0.7

9.3 ± 0.4

0.820

Phosphate (mg/dl)

4.6 ± 1.0

4.1 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.7

 < 0.001

Ca × P product (mg2/dl2)

42.6 ± 10.0

37.5 ± 8.5

33.7 ± 6.5

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

215.1 ± 42.4

212.8 ± 44.3

205.7 ± 37.4

0.094

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

11.0 ± 1.8

11.9 ± 1.8

12.2 ± 1.8

 < 0.001

CRP (mg/dl)

1.0 ± 1.1

0.7 ± 0.6

0.8 ± 0.8

 < 0.001

Intact PTH (pg/ml)

124.1 ± 67.0

81.4 ± 56.6

66.3 ± 45.1

 < 0.001

Aortic valve calcification [n (%)]

71 (42.5%)

23 (13.2%)

5 (2.9%)

 < 0.001

Mitral valve calcification [n (%)]

54 (32.3%)

20 (11.5%)

7 (4.1%)

 < 0.001

At least one valve calcification [n (%)]

86 (51.5%)

32 (18.4%)

9 (5.2%)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or (n, %). aCoronary heart disease is defined as a history of coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. bCerebrovascular disease is defined as a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  2. ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, Ca × P product, calcium × phosphorus product, CKD chronic kidney disease, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, PTH parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)2D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
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