Table 1 Differences of amino acids concentrations (pM) in vitro (n = 5) and in vivo (n = 5) between normal and cancer conditions across 24 hours.

From: Presence of human breast cancer xenograft changes the diurnal profile of amino acids in mice

Amino acids

In vitro

In vivo

Time of sampling (CT)

MCF10A

MDA-MB-231

p value

Time of day (ZT)

Non-tumor bearing mice

Tumor bearing mice

p value

Alanine (Ala) HMDB0000161

4

161.4 ± 32.0

26.6 ± 3.6

p < 0.001

0

646.2 ± 51.2

859.0 ± 114.7

p < 0.05

6

180.6 ± 31.6

29.2 ± 3.6

p < 0.001

3

561.6 ± 133.5

809.7 ± 102.6

p < 0.05

16

208.8 ± 28.0

34.3 ± 5.3

p < 0.001

6

853.0 ± 73.1

624.0 ± 96.6

p < 0.01

24

248.7 ± 15.5

39.4 ± 4.5

p < 0.001

9

435.8 ±118.7

299.6 ± 73.4

N/S

-

12

633.6 ± 56.7

495.3 ± 94.3

N/S

15

522.0 ± 34.2

563.6 ± 67.5

N/S

18

820.6 ± 58.3

704.3 ± 123.0

N/S

21

774.4 ± 167.2

709.6 ± 114.1

N/S

Arginine (Arg) HMDB0000517

4

51.8 ± 11.4

28.7 ± 8.7

p < 0.05

0

194.7 ± 14.6

267.8 ± 33.9

p < 0.01

6

58.8 ± 14.2

25.6 ± 10.6

p < 0.001

3

141.0 ± 36.0

287.0 ± 35.1

p < 0.001

16

54.2 ± 14.2

25.4 ± 4.8

p < 0.01

6

208.3 ± 2.1

135.7 ± 32.1

p < 0.01

24

43.6 ± 1.6

25.6 ± 7.6

N/S

9

100.6 ± 30.3

49.4 ± 9.4

N/S

12

147.5 ± 7.1

103.2 ± 36.4

N/S

15

97.5 ± 20.6

100.5 ± 17.8

N/S

18

269.7 ± 23.0

203.7 ± 35.1

p < 0.05

21

247.7 ± 10.9

219.8 ± 35.4

N/S

Asparagine (Asn) HMDB0000168

4

8.5 ± 1.8

12.2 ± 1.2

p < 0.01

0

37.9 ± 5.2

49.6 ± 7.7

N/S

6

9.6 ± 2.1

12.13 ± 1.7

N/S

3

41.5 ± 12.9

61.6 ± 6.3

p < 0.001

16

8.1 ± 1.6

12.0 ± 1.3

p < 0.01

6

54.9 ± 4.8

39.0 ± 5.1

p < 0.01

24

6.7 ± 0.5

12.5 ± 1.5

p < 0.001

9

28.3 ± 4.9

25.5 ± 5.9

N/S

12

46.6 ± 5.5

25.2 ± 7.5

p < 0.001

15

31.9 ± 4.4

34.8 ± 4.7

N/S

18

47.9 ± 2.6

34.6 ± 3.3

p < 0.05

21

63.5 ± 7.8

52.5 ± 7.7

N/S

Aspartate (Asp) HMDB0000191

4

19.3 ± 2.2

15.1 ± 3.0

N/S

0

7.1 ± 1.3

10.6 ± 2.8

N/S

6

19.7 ± 5.1

21.9 ± 3.0

N/S

3

3.8 ± 1.5

10.0 ± 1.9

p < 0.01

16

10.2 ± 4.1

17.3 ± 3.1

p < 0.05

6

7.5 ± 2.2

12.5 ± 12.6

p < 0.01

24

6.2 ± 2.7

19.2 ± 5.0

p < 0.001

9

3.7 ± 1.2

5.5 ± 0.2

N/S

12

6.9 ± 2.7

5.5 ± 1.6

N/S

15

4.9 ± 1.6

4.4 ± 2.5

N/S

18

8.3 ± 2.8

7.2 ± 2.0

N/S

21

7.3 ± 1.7

3.7 ± 1.2

N/S

Citrulline (Cit) HMDB0000904

4

0

78.6 ± 8.7

117.8 ± 14.8

p < 0.001

6

3

73.4 ± 16.9

106.7 ± 18.5

p < 0.01

16

 

6

94.3 ± 5.9

66.4 ± 14.8

p < 0.01

24

9

57.6 ± 7.2

43.2 ± 10.5

N/S

12

76.5 ± 15.0

54.4 ± 12.0

p < 0.05

15

56.0 ± 7.4

68.9 ± 8.5

N/S

18

115.7 ± 13.3

88.8 ± 0.8

N/S

21

110.2 ± 9.1

94.2 ± 12.4

N/S

Glutamine (Gln) HMDB0000641

4

101.4 ± 32.1

473.5 ± 68.0

p < 0.001

0

876.3 ± 82.0

1029.7 ± 153.7

N/S

6

90.8 ± 47.9

483.8 ± 111.1

p < 0.001

3

907.6 ± 89.5

998.8 ± 90.3

N/S

16

99.2 ± 31.6

448.5 ± 47.8

p < 0.001

6

926.3 ± 53.9

788.5 ± 76.3

N/S

24

112.6 ± 13.4

466.4 ± 86.0

p < 0.001

9

708.0 ± 50.4

787.7 ± 143.3

N/S

12

808.6 ± 24.7

846.2 ± 92.3

N/S

15

861.2 ± 28.0

916.6 ± 55.2

N/S

18

1069.0 ± 76.9

1133.0 ± 163.5

N/S

21

1071.2 ± 157.2

818.3 ± 140.3

p < 0.05

Glutamate (Glu) HMDB0000148

4

124.8 ± 20.1

166.0 ± 39.5

N/S

0

30.8 ± 4.0

33.0 ± 9.2

N/S

6

141.3 ± 27.1

213.9 ± 36.8

p < 0.01

3

27.0 ± 5.8

24.3 ± 3.7

N/S

16

126.4 ± 44.2

206.7 ± 19.9

p < 0.01

6

22.8 ± 7.1

44.6 ± 4.7

p < 0.001

24

167.6 ± 27.0

221.5 ± 8.1

N/S

9

24.7 ± 6.6

42.5 ± 13.7

p < 0.01

12

31.5 ± 2.5

22.2 ± 4.7

N/S

15

26.2 ± 5.1

23.3 ± 7.3

N/S

18

27.4 ± 2.8

44.0 ± 9.6

p < 0.05

21

34.2 ± 7.6

36.7 ± 6.1

N/S

Glycine (Gly) HMDB0000123

4

85.6 ± 8.3

118.6 ± 2.3

p < 0.001

0

333.4 ± 21.2

319.2 ± 50.1

N/S

6

100.6 ± 47.9

135.1 ± 13.8

p < 0.001

3

283.0 ± 30.0

347.4 ± 24.2

N/S

16

84.8 ± 31.6

150.6 ± 15.6

p < 0.001

6

386.2 ± 26.1

305.0 ± 53.3

p < 0.05

24

75.2 ± 13.4

167.6 ± 10.9

p < 0.001

9

266.6 ± 26.4

237.0 ± 48.2

N/S

12

285.8 ± 41.0

234.0 ± 49.

N/S

15

217.2 ± 10.1

263.0 ± 19.0

N/S

18

299.0 ± 38.9

251.2 ± 52.3

N/S

21

319.8 ± 73.8

262.2 ± 48.8

N/S

Histidine (His) HMDB0000177

4

18.9 ± 1.9

21.5 ± 4.1

N/S

0

89.3 ± 11.8

97.7 ± 17.1

N/S

6

22.0 ± 2.7

21.2 ± 5.3

N/S

3

86.3 ± 9.4

105.3 ± 15.8

N/S

16

20.7 ± 2.0

22.2 ± 3.2

N/S

6

91.2 ± 7.2

78.5 ± 13.9

N/S

24

19.9 ± 1.5

22.8 ± 4.1

N/S

9

65.6 ± 10.3

68.0 ± 12.5

N/S

12

84.6 ± 7.3

77.0 ± 11.8

N/S

15

80.1 ± 2.7

90.1 ± 8.5

N/S

18

108.3 ± 8.8

97.3 ± 20.6

N/S

21

111.4 ± 20.6

100.0 ± 14.7

N/S

Isoleucine (Ile) HMDB0000172

4

45.4 ± 5.3

85.3 ± 17.1

p<0.01

0

135.0 ± 17.4

183.0 ± 6.1

P<0.01

6

54.1 ± 8.7

83.4 ± 24.4

P < 0.05

3

111.0 ± 32.2

174.3 ± 19.4

P<0.001

16

46.3 ± 5.1

87.8 ± 13.1

P<0.001

6

127.7 ± 5.5

86.2 ± 29.1

N/S

24

42.6 ± 3.3

87.6 ± 16.7

P<0.001

9

105.6 ± 15.5

104.4 ± 10.0

N/S

12

177.7 ± 48.0

115.9 ± 26.1

p<0.001

15

109.0 ± 11.4

114.3 ± 14.4

N/S

18

178.2 ± 10.1

135.0 ± 11.8

P < 0.05

21

218.3 ± 6.5

170.2 ± 25.7

p<0.01

Leucine (Leu) HMDB0000687

4

63.6 ± 17.6

101.8 ± 17.0

P < 0.05

0

200.6 ± 17.7

297.7 ± 17.2

p<0.01

6

72.2 ± 19.2

99.4 ± 30.7

N/S

3

147.5 ± 46.0

261.7 ± 28.3

p<0.001

16

61.6 ± 20.4

108.2 ± 18.8

P < 0.05

6

208.0 ± 4.0

137.1 ± 53.1

N/S

24

48.2 ± 12.1

103.1 ± 21.1

p<0.01

9

146.2 ± 26.9

147.0 ± 10.8

N/S

12

250.2 ± 59.0

153.7 ± 29.2

p<0.01

15

153.0 ± 15.6

168.8 ± 9.9

N/S

18

290.5 ± 18.6

213.7 ± 12.9

P < 0.05

21

276.4 ± 63.9

257.0 ± 36.5

N/S

Lysine (Lys) HMDB0000182

4

45.6 ± 12.4

83.7 ± 27.3

N/S

0

506.2 ± 22.5

694.0 ± 71.7

p<0.01

6

53.4 ± 15.8

73.0 ± 34.5

N/S

3

470.0 ± 69.0

709.0 ± 69.8

p<0.001

16

49.9 ± 15.7

75.6 ± 16.5

N/S

6

610.6 ± 34.5

384.6 ± 92.

p<0.001

24

33.6 ± 9.8

78.1 ± 27.0

p<0.05

9

266.4 ± 63.9

224.6 ± 42.9

N/S

12

369.0 ± 11.5

258.7 ± 90.0

N/S

15

269.6 ± 26.6

305.8 ± 43.2

N/S

18

520.4 ± 61.3

368.0 ± 90.4

p<0.01

21

553.0 ± 85.9

492.0 ± 42.2

N/S

Methionine (Met) HMDB0000696

4

8.3 ± 2.2

13.3 ± 2.1

N/S

0

72.7 ± 8.9

106.3 ± 6.6

P < 0.05

6

7.7 ± 2.0

11.4 ± 4.2

N/S

3

69.2 ± 20.0

115.7 ± 21.2

p<0.001

16

9.0 ± 2.5

11.8 ± 1.2

N/S

6

79.1 ± 6.9

47.5 ± 8.0

P < 0.05

24

7.6 ± 1.7

10.1 ± 3.2

N/S

9

38.1 ± 5.1

27.0 ± 5.9

N/S

12

54.4 ± 5.7

38.0 ± 5.4

N/S

15

51.4 ± 12.4

48.2 ± 6.7

N/S

18

120.7 ± 7.5

99.3 ± 11.1

N/S

21

102.6 ± 16.7

85.4 ± 32.9

N/S

Ornithine (Orn) HMDB0000214

4

0

101.5 ± 17.5

159.0 ± 17.6

p<0.01

6

3

96.4 ± 26.5

171.0 ± 23.6

p<0.001

16

6

91.6 ± 9.0

53.3 ± 17.0

P < 0.05

24

9

50.0 ± 11.2

37.4 ± 8.0

N/S

12

98.9 ± 15.4

52.3 ± 23.8

P < 0.05

15

66.8 ± 15.8

78.8 ± 21.2

N/S

18

162.4 ± 20.3

90.7 ± 11.1

p<0.001

21

158.6 ± 31.9

152.4 ± 23.9

N/S

Phenylalanine (Phe) HMDB0000159

4

27.1 ± 2.8

45.9 ± 8.4

p<0.01

0

143.0 ± 9.2

184.5 ± 25.6

P < 0.05

6

33.4 ± 6.1

45.9 ± 11.9

N/S

3

126.0 ± 30.7

183.7 ± 7.1

p<0.01

16

30.0 ± 3.0

48.4 ± 7.5

p<0.01

6

160.7 ± 1.5

114.8 ± 30.9

P < 0.05

24

29.1 ± 2.0

48.0 ± 9.1

p<0.01

9

112.0 ± 4.5

95.0 ± 4.6

N/S

12

175.7 ± 17.0

133.7 ± 28.0

P < 0.05

15

126.0 ± 10.2

132.0 ± 13.4

N/S

18

194.8 ± 11.7

154.0 ± 20.2

P < 0.05

21

178.6 ± 20.6

174.0 ± 20.5

N/S

Proline (Pro) HMDB0000162

4

28.1 ± 1.5

23.0 ± 1.3

N/S

0

146.0 ± 18.3

208.0 ± 30.4

p<0.01

6

30.0 ± 1.7

28.9 ± 2.1

N/S

3

84.8 ± 28.5

135.5 ± 25.3

P < 0.05

16

25.8 ± 4.4

35.2 ± 4.1

p<0.01

6

175.6 ± 11.1

117.1 ± 28.1

p<0.001

24

29.5 ± 1.2

42.3 ± 4.1

p<0.001

9

62.0 ± 8.4

44.4 ± 12.2

N/S

12

161.0 ± 39.3

107.2 ± 4.0

p<0.01

15

69.7 ± 10.9 ±

80.2 ± 10.4

N/S

18

210.4 ± 19.5

150.3 ± 19.3

p<0.01

21

150.0 ± 29.6

116.3 ± 19.1

N/S

Serine (Ser) HMDB0000187

4

21.6 ± 1.4

64.4 ± 8.2

p<0.001

0

170.3 ± 7.1

206.7 ± 22.5

N/S

6

28.7 ± 4.9

68.7 ± 14.7

p<0.001

3

159.5 ± 22.5

215.4 ± 13.5

p<0.01

16

16.4 ± 2.0

60.7 ± 6.3

p<0.001

6

232.8 ± 23.8

160.4 ± 35.5

p<0.001

24

7.9 ± 1.1

61.6 ± 9.4

p<0.001

9

115.8 ± 18.1

93.3 ± 23.3

N/S

12

159.8 ± 9.4

101.7 ± 24.7

p<0.01

15

126.8 ± 13.8

135.6 ± 14.7

N/S

18

201.3 ± 11.0

155.8 ± 25.8

P < 0.05

21

220.5 ± 24.1

179.2 ± 32.1

N/S

Threonine (Thr) HMDB0000167

4

61.1 ± 4.9

94.5 ± 11.5

p<0.01

0

175.4 ± 21.3

190.8 ± 40.9

N/S

6

72.4 ± 7.8

101.7 ± 15.5

p<0.01

3

176.6 ± 42.5

202.0 ± 36.9

N/S

16

65.2 ± 4.7

101.5 ± 15.3

p<0.001

6

173.4 ± 16.7

129.9 ± 26.9

N/S

24

64.0 ± 1.8

108.4 ± 16.2

p<0.001

9

114.5 ± 17.9

85.4 ± 20.4

N/S

12

138.8 ± 19.5

110.3 ± 24.2

N/S

15

138.8 ± 19.5

147.8 ± 18.2

N/S

18

226.0 ± 12.6

197.8 ± 62.5

N/S

21

238.0 ± 30.9

223.4 ± 22.1

N/S

Tryptophan (Trp) HMDB0000929

4

6.6 ± 0.4

8.3 ± 1.0

N/S

0

116.8 ± 20.9

132.4 ± 15.9

N/S

6

7.8 ± 0.6

8.8 ± 1.6

N/S

3

111.5 ± 32.7

123.6 ± 25.7

N/S

16

6.8 ± 1.1

9.0 ± 1.0

P < 0.05

6

111.2 ± 20.1

101.5 ± 21.8

N/S

24

7.1 ± 0.5

9.3 ± 1.2

P < 0.05

9

98.4 ± 10.3

121.1 ± 34.9

N/S

12

130.8 ± 26.2

129.2 ± 30.9

N/S

15

76.6 ± 7.8

70.7 ± 7.2

N/S

18

132.0 ± 13.7

129.2 ± 36.6

N/S

21

126.2 ± 23.5

115.2 ± 19.4

N/S

Tyrosine (Tyr) HMDB0000158

4

28.1 ± 2.9

42.8 ± 7.9

p<0.01

0

143.0 ± 16.8

174.0 ± 46.7

N/S

6

33.1 ± 4.5

38.0 ± 5.7

N/S

3

131.9 ± 28.0

149.4 ± 15.2

N/S

16

30.4 ± 3.1

45.3 ± 6.5

p<0.01

6

139.8 ± 25.9

102.2 ± 17.3

p<0.001

24

30.3 ± – 2.0

43.0 ± 2.0

p<0.01

9

135.5 ± 45.1

65.7 ± 14.9

N/S

12

175.4 ± 18.7

86.9 ± 30.7

N/S

15

78.6 ± 11.6

72.0 ± 7.9

N/S

18

96.2 ± 22.9

131.4 ± 45.6

N/S

21

72.0 ± 10.0

117.1 ± 17.7

N/S

Valine (Val) HMDB0000883

4

26.3 ± 2.7

93.1 ± 17.6

p<0.001

0

263.3 ± 32.7

313.7 ± 18.0

N/S

6

32.0 ± 4.9

91.0 ± 22.9

p<0.001

3

217.0 ± 64.5

343.3 ± 23.4

P < 0.05

16

27.9 ± 2.2

96.8 ± 14.7

p<0.001

6

267.7 ± 16.3

189.7 ± 56.3

N/S

24

23.6 ± 2.2

96.7 ± 16.2

p<0.001

9

228.2 ± 27.0

213.8 ± 23.0

p<0.001

12

311.0 ± 37.9

251.8 ± 43.0

P < 0.05

15

267.0 ± 13.3

233.3 ± 17.6

N/S

18

354.4 ± 16.8

285.7 ± 28.5

N/S

21

433.0 ± 13.1

329.5 ± 71.4

N/S

  1. All values are mean ± SD; p-values are from Two-way analysis of variance.
  2. *CT = culture time; ZT (zeitgeber).