Table 2 Bivariable associations between sociodemographic, clinical and facility characteristics of the study population.

From: Hepatitis C prevalence and quality of health services among HIV-positive mothers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

HCV+

n/N(%)

uOR(95% CI)†

P value

Service readiness index

 

0.95(0.90,0.99)

0.019

Location of facility§ attended

Peri-urban/rural

2/135(1.5)

  

Urban

14/1802(0.8)

0.56(0.10,2.96)

0.492

Type of facility of care

Health center

8/821(1.0)

  

Hospital

8/1116(0.7)

0.72(0.25,2.07)

0.544

PEPFAR funding

No

3/731(0.4)

  

Yes

13/1206(1.1)

2.62(0.69,9.88)

0.156

Type of facility of care

Public

2/623(0.3)

  

Private for profit

5/249(2.0)

6.38(1.15,35.42)

0.034

Private non-profit

9/1065(0.8)

2.76(0.55,13.85)

0.217

Age

 ≤ 24

3/305(1.0)

  

25–34

6/997(0.6)

0.62(0.15,2.52)

0.502

35+

7/589(1.2)

1.22(0.31,4.82)

0.778

Timing of testing

Pregnancy

12/1154(1)

  

Delivery

4/417(1.0)

0.91(0.29,2.88)

0.878

Post-partum

0/371(0)

–

–

Marital status

Divorced/widowed/never married

6/608(1.0)

  

Married/cohabitating

10/1283(0.8)

0.79(0.28,2.20)

0.646

Alcohol consumption

No

10/1369(0.7)

  

1–3/month

5/416(1.2)

1.60(0.53,4.81)

0.399

 > 2/week

1/106(0.9)

1.20(0.14,10.33)

0.869

Smoking

Previous/current

0/36(0.0)

  

Never

16/1846(0.9)

–

–

Educational level

Primary

3/245(1.2)

  

Secondary

13/1348(1)

0.77(0.22,2.72)

0.685

Tertiary

0/296(0.0)

–

–

SES in tertile

1(Lowest)

4/607(0.7)

  

2

7/608(1.2)

1.84(0.53,6.43)

0.340

3 (Highest)

4/600(0.7)

1.04(0.25,4.28)

0.960

Primigravida

Yes

1/195(0.5)

  

No

15/1700(0.9)

1.82(0.22,14.65)

0.576

Any intimate partner violence#

No

10/1196(0.8)

  

Yes

6/696(0.9)

0.97(0.34,2.74)

0.957

HIV RNA viral load

 ≥ 1000 copies/mL

8/678(1.2)

  

 < 1000 copies/mL

7/1208(0.6)

0.49(0.18,1.36)

0.170

Duration of ART

 < 12 months

11/846(1.3)

  

13–24 months

1/215(0.5)

0.34(0.04,2.74)

0.311

 ≥ 24 months

4/819(0.5)

0.37(0.12,1.17)

0.089

Disclosure of HIV status**

No

9/910(1.0)

  

Yes

7/1028(0.7)

0.69(0.25,1.87)

0.467

HBV

No

12/1858(0.6)

  

Yes

4/81(4.9)

7.79(2.37,25.59)

0.001

ART regimen

TDF + 3TC + FEV

15/1601(0.9)

  

AZT + 3TC + NVP

1/201(0.5)

0.50(0.06,4.13)

0.523

Other

0/140(0.0)

–

–

  1. *The analytical sample was derived from the enrollment data of an ongoing cluster randomized controlled trial, aimed at evaluating the effect of data-driven continuous quality improvement on long-term ART outcomes in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. We retained participants that had available data on HCV rapid testing.
  2. SES, socio-economic status; RNA, ribonucleic acid; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; uOR, unadjusted odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval.
  3. §Facility at which participant was enrolled/tested.
  4. Calculated using principal component analysis and categorized in three groups: the lower first two quintiles, the middle quintiles, and the last two quintiles. #Self-report of emotional or physical or sexual partner violence.
  5. **Self-report of disclosure of HIV status to anyone.
  6. †OR and 95%CI were obtained using logistic models and generalized estimating equation to adjust for potential clustering at the level of the clinic.
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