Table 1 Comparisons of step counts, demographic, sleep, and dietary and health-related measures between the physical activity groups.

From: Increased physical activity improves gut microbiota composition and reduces short-chain fatty acid concentrations in older adults with insomnia

Parameter

Lower physical activity (less active) (n = 18)

Higher physical activity (more active) (n = 31)

Statistics

P

η2

Number of steps

Median = 5544.90

IQR = 4269.04–6239.50

Median = 8367.80

IQR = 7555.00–10,505.16

U = 558 (Z = 5.78)

 < 0.001

0.683

Demographic measures

Age

73.66 ± 6.65

72.22 ± 5.08

t (47) = 0.85

0.398

 

BMI (kg/m2)

27.756 ± 3.27

25.81 ± 3.94

t (47) = 1.76

0.084

 

Years of education

15.44 ± 2.50

16.45 ± 2.24

t (47) = − 1.45

0.153

 

% of Females

77.77 (n = 14)

80.64 (n = 25)

^

 > 0.999

 

Sleep measures

Sleep time (Hours)

24.04 ± 0.87

24.08 ± 1.14

t (47) = − 0.12

0.900

 

Wake time (Hours)

7.17 ± 1.02

6.79 ± 1.04

t (47) = 1.23

0.221

 

Total sleep time (TST) (minutes)

427.69 ± 37.78

403.30 ± 63.63

t (46.94) = 1.68

0.098

 

Sleep onset latency (SOL) (minutes)

Median = 15

IQR = 7.35–26.55

Median = 11.78

IQR = 6.78–28.40

U = 259.5 (Z = − 0.40)

0.685

 

Sleep efficiency (SE) (%)

Median = 81.95

IQR = 76.85–85.21

Median = 83.21

IQR = 79.22–86.45

U = 314

(Z = 0.72)

0.467

 

WASO (minutes)

Median = 55.46

IQR = 48.85–71.52

Median = 47.14

IQR = 32.44–60.00

U = 204

(Z = − 1.55)

0.119

 

Dietary and health-related measures

Protein intake (g/day)

Median = 70.40

IQR = 58.58–108.86

Median = 97.56

IQR = 77.41–126.36

U = 369.50 (Z = 1.89)

0.058

 

Fiber intake (g/day)

Median = 28.77

IQR = 23.95–39.65

Median = 31.82

IQR = 27.32–47.43

U = 327

(Z = 1.00)

0.316

 

High blood pressure (%)

55.55 (n = 10)

41.93 (n = 13)

χ2 (1) = 0.84

0.357

 

High cholesterol (%)

38.88 (n = 7)

48.38 (n = 15)

χ2 (1) = 0.41

0.519

 

Diabetes (%)

22.22 (n = 4)

25.80 (n = 8)

^

 > 0.999

 

Heart condition (%)

16.66 (n = 3)

12.90 (n = 4)

^

0.697

 

Depression medication (%)

5.55 (n = 1)

16.12 (n = 5)

^

0.393

 

Sleep medication (%)

11.11 (n = 2)

12.90 (n = 4)

^

 > 0.999

 

Anti-cholinergic medication (%)

16.66 (n = 3)

16.12 (n = 5)

^

 > 0.999

 
  1. BMI body mass index, IQR interquartile range, η2 Eta-squared (reported only for significant comparisons), χ2 Chi-square.
  2. ^Based on Fisher's exact test Eta-squared (η2) is reported only for significant comparisons.
  3. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.
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