Figure 3

Dosimetry results of laser-driven proton beams and reference X-rays. (a–c) Examples of the dose distribution across the cell samples for different dose groups in the form of histograms and 2D color plots (insets, where the 10 mm cell cup diameter is indicated by red circles) of laser-driven (LD) protons. For the proton dose histograms, the non-irradiated crescent-shaped shadow area, visible in the upper part of the insets, was excluded (refer to the Methods section for details). (d) Summary of average doses from the dose groups displayed in (a–c).