Figure 1

EV levels of biomarkers under one year (a,c) and one or more years after injury (b, d). Participants were divided into 3 groups at each timepoint: one or more years after injury (IC, n = 30; mTBI, n = 43; and smcTBI, n = 41) and one more years after injury (IC, n = 15; mTBI, n = 64; and smcTBI, n = 25). Biomarker concentrations are represented as median ± IQR. P values refer to non-parametric pairwise group comparisons adjusted for multiple comparisons ((a Dunn’s test correcting for repetitive pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni method) when overall group comparison was statistically significant, or overall group comparison significance (b, c, d Kruskal–Wallis test). IC, injured controls; mTBI, uncomplicated mild TBI; smcTBI, complicated mTBI, moderate TBI, and severe TBI combined; TBI, traumatic brain injury; NfL, neurofilament light chain; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.