Table 5 Inflammatory parameters at baseline and follow-up according to metabolic syndrome manifestations.

From: Metabolic syndrome is associated with poor response to rifaximin in minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Biochemical parameters

Controls (n = 30)

Patients (n = 63)

Baseline

3-month follow-up

6-month follow-up

No MHE (n = 31)

MHE (n = 32)

Non metabolic manifestation (n = 11)

Metabolic manifestation (n = 21)

Non metabolic manifestation (n = 11)

Metabolic manifestation (n = 21)

Non metabolic manifestation (n = 11)

Metabolic manifestation (n = 21)

Immunophenotype study

Monocytesa

Classical

92.2 (0.7)

88.7 (0.8)**

89.7 (0.9)*

91 (1.6)

89 (1.2)*

91 (1.1)

91 (1.2)

92 (1.1)α

92 (1.1)α/∂

Intermediate

3.3 (0.3)

7.5 (0.6)***

9.4 (0.8)***/α

9.2 (1.0)***

9.5 (1.2)***

5.9 (0.9)***/∂

6.9 (0.8)***/∂∂

5.5 (1.0)∂

7.1 (1.1)**/∂

Non-classical

2 (0.3)

2.1 (0.3)

2.7 (0.4)

2.4 (0.6)

2.8 (0.6)

1.7 (0.5)

0.7(0.2)***/ααα /β/∂∂∂

0.5 (0.3)**/ααα

0.6 (0.2)***/ ααα/∂∂

CD4+T lymphocytes

Autoreactiveb

8 (1)

10 (1)

12 (2)*

9.9 (3)*

13 (2)*

12 (2)*

15 (4)

7 (1)

9 (3)∂

Non-autoreactiveb

92 (3)

90 (1)

88 (2)

90 (3)

87 (2)

88 (5)

84 (5)

91 (3)

91 (3)

Activatedc

0.5 (0.1)

1 (0.2)**

2 (0.4)**/α

2.2 (0.6)***/ α α

1.6 (0.4)*

1.4 (0.2)***

1.0 (0.2)**

1 (0.4)

1.1 (0.2)**

Cytokinesd

IL-6

0.9 (0.1)

2.0 (0.2)***

2.2 (0.3)***

1.9 (0.4)**

2.5 (0.4)**

1.4 (0.4)

1.9 (0.5)

1.0 (0.5)

1.2 (0.4)∂

IL-18

152 (12)

207 (22)*

229 (25)**

226 (44)*

231 (30)*

210 (33)*

200 (32)

251 (64)

180 (28)

IL-15

2.9 (0.1)

3.3 (0.1)*

3.4 (0.1)*

3.6 (0.2)*

3.3 (0.2)

3.2 (0.2)

3.2 (0.1)

3.0 (0.2)∂

3.0 (0.1)α

IL-17

1.3 (0.1)

2.3 (0.4)*

2.7 (0.4)**

3.0 (0.8)**

2.5 (0.3)**

2.2 (0.6)

3.3 (0.6)**/∂

1.4 (0.3)∂

3 (0.5)*/β/∂

IL-21

155 (14)

237 (33)*

439 (143)

673 (422)

343 (109)

511 (356)

278 (79)

487 (416)

370 (119)

IL-22

57 (2.5)

63 (2.6)

99 (6.8)***/ααα

106 (13)**/α

96 (8)***/ααα

97 (10)**/α

83 (7)**/α/∂

101 (12)*/α/∂

83 (12)∂∂

CXCL13

59 (2.0)

115 (6.7)***

155 (13)***/αα

150 (23)***/α

158 (17)***/αα

140 (22)*

176 (27)**

106 (39)

171 (34)*

CX3CL1

0.6 (0.03)

0.7 (0.04)**

0.9 (0.1)***/αα

0.8 (0.1)**

0.9 (0.1)***/αα

0.8 (0.1)*

1.0 (0.1)***/ααα

0.8 (0.1)*

1.0 (0.1)**/α/∂

CCL20

8.9 (0.9)

64 (8.8)***

79 (11)***

61 (13)**

90 (16)***

58 (14)**

54 (9)***/∂

58 (11)**/∂

40 (7)***/α/∂

Transcription factorse

BCL6

1.0 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)*

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.2)

0.9 (0.1)

0.6 (0.2)*

1.0 (0.1)

1.1 (0.2)

1.0 (0.1)

AHR

0.9 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

1.4 (0.2)**/α

1.5 (0.3)

1.4 (0.2)*

1.1 (0.2)

1.3 (0.2)**

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

TBX21

1.1 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)*

1.4 (0.1)*

1.5 (0.2)

1.4 (0.1)

1.8 (0.2)*

1.3 (0.1)

1.3 (0.2)

1.3 (0.2)

GATA3

1.1 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

1.3 (0.2)

1.1 (0.1)

1.2 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

RORC

1.0 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)

1.0 (0.3)

0.7 (0.1)*

0.9 (0.1)

0.6 (0.1)***/α/β/∂

0.6 (0.1)*

0.4 (0.1)***/ ααα/β/∂

IgG levelsf

99 (2)

89 (20)

155 (12)**

157 (5)

153 (2)

134 (9)

142 (11)

103 (11)

141 (21)

  1. aExpressed as percentage of the three subsets of monocytes over total monocyte cells. bExpressed as percentage of total CD4+T lymphocytes. cPercentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes that express the early activation marker CD69. dCytokine levels are expressed in pg/mL except for CX3CL1 which is in ng/mL. eData represent the normalized target gene (HPRT) amount relative to controls which are considered as 1. fPercentage of variation compared to controls. All values are expressed as mean (SEM). *significant differences from controls (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). α significant differences from no MHE (αp < 0.05; ααp < 0.01; αααp < 0.001). βSignificant differences from patients without metabolic syndrome manifestations (βp < 0.05; ββp < 0.01; βββp < 0.001). ∂significant differences from baseline (∂p < 0.05; ∂∂p < 0.01; ∂∂∂p < 0.001). Abbreviations: MHE and No MHE: patients with or without minimal hepatic encephalopathy, respectively.
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