Table 4 Within-player hand-to-head contacts during match play. Data are presented as frequency per player-hour and as median with interquartile range. Differences between playing levels are displayed as median differences with 95% confidence intervals. P values from Kruskal–Wallis test.

From: A video-based analysis of situations bearing the risk of respiratory disease transmission during football matches

 

All matches

Professional

Amateur

Youth

Δ Youth–professional

Δ Amateur–professional

Δ Amateur–youth

P value

Hand-to-head

22.2 (16.9, 29.6)

16.7 (15, 18.8)

26.5 (24, 29.6)

29.2 (21.3, 38.3)

12.5 (5.5, 19.7)

9.8 (6.5, 13.7)

− 2.7 (− 10.9, 4.5)

< 0.001

Mucosal

12.4 (10.1, 16)

10.9 (10, 11.8)

16.5 (16, 17.1)

13.3 (9.6, 15.3)

2.4 (− 1.1, 4.2)

5.6 (3.9, 6.8)

3.2 (0.7, 6.5)

0.002

Non-mucosal

9.6 (6.3, 13.9)

6 (4.6, 6.6)

11.4 (9.3, 12.4)

16.8 (10.7, 22.6)

10.8 (6.3, 15.5)

5.5 (3, 7.1)

− 5.4 (− 10.2, − 0.7)

< 0.001

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