Table 1 Distribution of the study variables in the sample of cyclists, stratified by cycling area.

From: Cycling area can be a confounder and effect modifier of the association between helmet use and cyclists’ risk of death after a crash

Variable	Categories	All		Urban areas		Open roads
Variable	Categories	N	%	N	%	N	%
	Total	24,605	100	16,574	100	8031	100
Death	No	24,263	98.61	16,408	99.00	7855	97.81
	Yes	239	0.97	65	0.39	174	2.17
	Unknown	103	0.42	101	0.61	2	0.02
Helmet use	No	6932	28.17	6068	36.61	864	10.76
	Yes	11,083	45.04	4603	27.77	6480	80.69
	Unknown	6590	26.78	5903	35.62	687	8.55
Sex	Male	20,321	82.59	12,959	78.19	7362	91.67
	Female	3926	15.96	3266	19.71	660	8.22
	Unknown	358	1.45	349	2.11	9	0.11
Age groups (years)	< 10	299	1.22	270	1.63	29	0.36
	≥ 10–15	1045	4.25	909	5.48	136	1.69
	≥ 15–20	2453	9.97	2070	12.49	383	4.77
	≥ 20–25	1895	7.70	1606	9.69	289	3.60
	≥ 25–30	1928	7.84	1510	9.11	418	5.20
	≥ 30–35	2183	8.87	1526	9.21	657	8.18
	≥ 35–40	2608	10.60	1601	9.66	1007	12.54
	≥ 40–45	2467	10.03	1433	8.65	1034	12.88
	≥ 45–50	2187	8.89	1208	7.29	979	12.19
	≥ 50–55	1872	7.61	1071	6.46	801	9.97
	≥ 55–60	1494	6.07	821	4.95	673	8.38
	≥ 60–65	1114	4.53	543	3.28	571	7.11
	≥ 65–70	913	3.71	444	2.68	469	5.84
	≥ 70–75	523	2.13	253	1.53	270	3.36
	≥ 75	511	2.08	304	1.83	207	2.58
	Unknown	1113	4.52	1005	6.06	108	1.34
Nationality	Spanish	17,936	72.90	11,757	70.94	6179	76.94
	Foreign	651	2.65	230	1.39	421	5.24
	Unknown	6018	24.46	4587	27.68	1431	17.82
Reason for cycling	Work-related	1014	4.12	818	4.94	196	2.44
	Other reason	10,899	44.30	5014	30.25	5885	73.28
	Unknown	12,692	51.58	10,742	64.81	1950	24.28
Cycling infractions	No	10,555	42.90	6211	37.47	4344	54.09
	Yes	4315	17.54	3116	18.80	1199	14.93
	Unknown	9735	39.57	7247	43.73	2488	30.98
Type of crash	Collision with moving vehicle	14,143	57.48	9930	59.91	4213	52.46
Type of crash	Other	10,462	42.52	6644	40.09	3818	47.54
Road surface	Normal	21,306	86.59	14,102	85.09	7204	89.70
	Altered	1983	8.06	1178	7.11	805	10.02
	Unknown	1316	5.35	1294	7.81	22	0.27
Weather conditions	Good	20,061	81.53	12,707	76.67	7354	91.57
	Bad	1570	6.38	974	5.88	596	7.42
	Unknown	2974	12.09	2893	17.46	81	1.01
Traffic lane characteristics	Intersection	10,075	40.95	7225	43.59	2850	35.49
Traffic lane characteristics	Other	14,530	59.05	9349	56.41	5181	64.51
Time of day	00:00–02:59	343	1.39	299	1.80	44	0.55
	03:00–05:59	152	0.62	126	0.76	26	0.32
	06:00–08:59	1959	7.96	1384	8.35	575	7.16
	09:00–11:59	5938	24.13	3054	18.43	2884	35.91
	12:00–14:59	5765	23.43	3670	22.14	2095	26.09
	15:00–17:59	3812	15.49	2820	17.01	992	12.35
	18:00–20:59	4931	20.04	3715	22.41	1216	15.14
	21:00–23:59	1705	6.93	1506	9.09	199	2.48
Year	2014	3735	15.18	2291	13.82	1444	17.98
	2015	4307	17.50	2741	16.54	1566	19.50
	2016	8091	32.88	5714	34.48	2377	29.60
	2017	8472	34.43	5828	35.16	2644	32.92

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Table 1 Distribution of the study variables in the sample of cyclists, stratified by cycling area.

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