Table 4 The comparison of the activity of Pd@Per-P for the model hydrogenation reaction.

From: Pd on thermo-responsive composite of silica-coated carbon nanotube and 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium-based ionic liquid copolymers as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitro compounds

Entry

Catalyst

Solvent

H2 Pressure

Time (min)

Temp. (°C)

Yield (%)

Refs.

1

PdNP(0.5%)/Al2O3 (0.3 g)

THF

1 atm

180

r.t

100

48

2

Pd@Hal-Hydrogel + cyclodextrin (2 wt.%)

H2O

1 bar

120

50

95

49

3

Pd@Hal-TCT-Meta

H2O

1 bar

75

65

100

50

4

APSNP b (1 mol%)

EtOH

40 atm

120

r.t

100

51

5

Pd@CS-CD-MGQDsc (0.5 mol%)

H2O

1 atm

60

50

97

52

6

Pd/PPh3@FDU‐12 (8.33 × 10–4 mmol Pd)

EtOH

10 bar

60

40

99

53

7

Pd@Hal-biochard (0.03 mol%)

H2O

1 bar

60

r.t

75

54

8

Pd@Hal/di‐ureae (1.5 wt.%)

H2O

1 atm

60

50

100

55

9

Pd@Per-P(0.03 g)

H2O:EtOH (1:1)

1 atm

90

45

98

56

10

Pd@Hal-CCDf (1 wt.%)

H2O

1 atm

90

r.t

100

57

11

Pd/CNT-P

H2O:EtOH (1:1)

1 bar

120

40

98

This work

  1. aPd immobilization on the multi-amine functionalized halloysite.
  2. bActivated palladium sucrose nanoparticles.
  3. cPd on hybrid of magnetic graphene dots and cyclodextrin decorated chitosan.
  4. dHybrid of halloysite and char.
  5. eHalloysite clay decorated with ligand.
  6. fHalloysite decorated with cyclodextrin derived carbon sphere.