Table 2 Tumor response by groups.

	Non-diabetic N = 156	Non-Metformin N = 32	Metformin before CCRT N = 30	Metformin from CCRT N = 14	p value
ypStage					0.951
pCR	18 (11.5%)	6 (18.8%)	4 (13.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Stage ypI	34 (21.8%)	10 (31.2%)	12 (40.0%)	4 (28.6%)
Stage ypIIA	59 (37.8%)	6 (18.8%)	6 (20.0%)	8 (57.1%)
Stage ypIIB	1 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Stage ypIIIA	8 (5.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
Stage ypIIIB	35 (22.4%)	10 (31.2%)	4 (13.3%)	2 (14.3%)
Stage ypIIIC	1 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
cT*					0.047
3	153 (98.1%)	30(93.8%)	26 (86.7%)	12 (85.7%)
4	3 (1.9%)	2 (6.2%)	4 (13.3%)	2 (14.3%)
ypT^†					0.405
0	20 (12.8%)	6 (18.8%)	10 (33.3%)	0 (0.0%)
1	9 (5.8%)	4 (12.5%)	2 (6.7%)	4 (28.6%)
2	32 (20.5%)	6 (18.8%)	10 (33.3%)	0 (0.0%)
3	94 (60.3%)	8 (50.0%)	8 (26.7%)	10 (71.4%)
4a	1 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
cN^‡					0.987
0	65 (41.7%)	16 (50.0%)	12 (40.0%)	6 (42.9%)
1	22 (14.1%)	2 (6.2%)	4 (13.3%)	2 (14.3%)
2	69 (44.2%)	14 (43.8%)	14 (46.7%)	6 (42.9%)
ypN*^†					0.757
0	112 (71.8%)	22 (68.8%)	22 (73.3%)	12 (85.7%)
1a	15 (9.6%)	6 (18.8%)	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
1b	12 (7.7%)	4 (12.5%)	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
1c	3 (1.9%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
2a	13 (8.3%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (6.7%)	2 (14.3%)
2b	1 (0.6%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
TRG*^†§					0.008
Poor	115 (73.7%)	20 (62.5%)	10 (33.3%)	12 (85.7%)
Good	41 (26.3%)	12 (37.5%)	20 (66.7%)	2 (14.3%)
pCR					0.107
No	136 (87.2%)	26 (81.2%)	20 (66.7%)	14 (100.0%)
Yes	20 (12.8%)	6 (18.8%)	10 (33.3%)	0 (0.0%)
T downstaging					0.022
No	93 (59.6%)	14 (43.8%)	6 (20.0%)	8 (57.1%)
Yes	63 (40.4%)	18 (56.2%)	24 (80.0%)	6 (42.9%)
N downstaging					0.951
No	84 (53.8%)	16 (50.0%)	18 (60.0%)	8 (57.1%)
Yes	72 (46.2%)	16 (50.0%)	12 (40.0%)	6 (42.9%)

Data are n (%), TRG = tumor regression grade, pCR = pathologic complete response, cT* = Clinical Tumor stage; ypT† = Pathological tumor stage; cN‡ = Clinical Node stage; ypN*† = Pathological Node stage; TRG*†§ = Mandard grade (1–2; good, 3–5; poor).

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