Table 4 Univariable analysis of independent risk factors and relative risk of IH recurrence.

Age (years, median [Q1–Q3])

65 (54–73)

65 (52–73)

n.s

Age years, mean ± SD (range)

63.1 ± 12.6 (28–92)

62.4 ± 13.4 (39–90)

n.s

Sex

Male

310 (46.6)

23 (52.3)

n.s

Female

355 (53.4)

21 (47.7)

BMI (mean kg/m²)

Normal < 30

421 (63.3)

27 (61.4)

n.s

Obesity ≥ 30

221 (33.2)

17 (38.6)

BMI mean [± SD]

28.2 ± 5.5 (17–69)

27.7 ± 5.7 (20–43.5)

n.s

ASA class

I

96 (14.4)

7 (15.9)

n.s

II

409 (61.5)

27 (61.4)

III

156 (23.5)

8 (18.2)

IV

2 (0.3)

1 (2.3)

Clinical comorbidities

COPD

31 (4.7)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Cardiac comorbidities

62 (9.3)

3 (6.8)

n.s

Diabetes mellitus

81 (12.2)

3 (6.8)

n.s

Hypertension

290 (43.6)

21 (47.7)

n.s

Current smoker

130 (19.5)

9 (20.4)

n.s

Oral anticoagulant therapy

30 (4.5)

0 (0)

n.s

Steroid therapy

12 (1.8)

0 (0)

n.s

Radiotherapy

9 (1.4)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Chirrosis

6 (0.9)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Hernia characteristics

Primary IH

560 (84.2)

33 (75)

n.s

Recurrent IH

105 (15.8)

11 (25)

Swiss cheese

169 (25.4)

6 (13.6)

n.s

Adhesion syndrome

77 (11.6)

6 (13.6)

n.s

Hernia defect size

W1 (< 4 cm)

192 (28.9)

13 (29.5)

n.s

W2 (≥ 4 to < 10 cm)

348 (52.3)

22 (50)

W3 (≥ 10 cm)

125 (18.8)

9 (20.5)

Hernia localization

Medial

573 (86.2)

35 (79.5)

n.s

Lateral

81 (12.2)

8 (18.2)

Combined

11 (1.7)

1 (2.3)

Border

46 (6.9)

5 (11.4)

n.s

Intervention type

Elective

634 (96.2)

44 (100)

n.s

Emergent

30 (4.6)

0 (0)

Operative time

(Median, IQR)

80 (60–120)

80 (60–122)

n.s

Mean ± SD (range)

89.2 ± 39.7 (19–300)

94.4 ± 44.7 (20–195)

n.s

Fixation system

Absorbable

382 (58.0)

29 (65.9)

n.s

Permanent

177 (26.9)

6 (13.6)

Mixed

106 (16.1)

9 (20.5)

Mesh overlap mean cm ± SD (range)

5.1 ± 0.8 (4–11)

5.3 ± 1.0 (4–9)

n.s

Closure of hernia defect

43 (6.5)

5 (11.4)

n.s

All concurrent laparoscopic procedures

99 (15.0)

9 (20.5)

n.s

Concurrent laparoscopic procedures

Adhesiolysis

77 (11.6)

6 (13.6)

n.s

Cholecystectomy

11 (1.7)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Inguinal hernia repair

9 (1.4)

2 (4.5)

0.058

Cholecystectomy + Inguinal hernia repair

2 (0.3)

3 (6.8)

n.s

Ovarian kyst asportation

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

n.s

Adrenalectomy

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

n.s

Appendectomy

0 (0.0)

0 (0)

n.s

All intraoperative complications

8 (1.2)

0 (0)

n.s

Bowel injury

6 (0.9)

0 (0)

n.s

Major bleeding

2 (0.3)

0 (0)

n.s

Conversion to open repair

2 (0.3)

0 (0)

n.s

All post-operative complications^{^}

25 (3.8)

4 (9.1)

0.055

Surgical post-operative complications

Abdominal wall hematoma

6 (0.9)

0 (0)

n.s

Hemoperitoneum

2 (0.3)

0 (0)

n.s

Peritonitis^{^^}

5 (0.8)

2 (4.5)

0.003

Prosthesis infection^{^^}

5 (0.8)

2 (4.5)

0.003

Bowel obstruction

5 (0.8)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Medical complication

10 (1.5)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Reintervention^§

8 (1.2)

3^§§ (6.8)

0.001

Prosthesis removal

5 (0.8)

2 (4.5)

0.003

NRS pain scale (median [Q1–Q3])

1 (0–3)

1 (1–3)

n.s

NRS pain scale

None

131 (19.9)

8 (18.2)

n.s

Mild

278 (42.2)

23 (52.3)

Moderate

50 (7.6)

7 (15.9)

Severe

8 (1.2)

0 (0)

Undocumented pain

198 (30.0)

6 (13.6)

Hospital stay (mean days SD, range)

3.4 ± 3.0 (1–44)

4.1 ± 6.4 (1–44)

0.003

All late surgical-related complications (> 30 days)

62 (9.4)

2 (4.5)

n.s

Late surgical-related complications

Persistent/symptomatic seroma

43 (6.5)

1 (2.3)

n.s

Bowel occlusion

2 (0.3)

0 (0)

Mesh infection

0 (0.0)

0 (0)

Chronic pain

17 (2.6)

1 (2.3)

Bulging

31 (4.7)

4 (9.1)

n.s

Follow-up months (median, Q1–Q3)

26.4 (13.3–44.9)

45.5 (26.5–78.1)

0.001

Follow-up months mean ± SD (range)

32.8 ± 23.3 (0.1–102.7)

51.0 ± 27.8 (2.2–98.3)

 < 0.001

Mortality

0 (0.0)

0 (0)

–