Table 2 Summary of source apportionment for Pb in PM2.5 and Pb isotopic composition of the respective source factors resolved by the PMF model.

From: Isotopic signatures and source apportionment of Pb in ambient PM2.5

PMF factor (attribution)

Contribution, %*

206Pb/207Pb

208Pb/207Pb

Characteristic constituents#

F1

(traffic emissions)

12 ± 5

(S: 12 ± 6

W: 12 ± 7)

1.146 ± 0.005

2.418 ± 0.009

Zn (51%), Cu (31%), Mn (23%), Pb (12%) (Lin et al.26)

F2

(petrol industry)

11 ± 4

(S: 16 ± 8

W: 8 ± 3)

1.148 ± 0.009

2.292 ± 0.008

Nd (56%), Ce (51%), Ti (48%), La (39%), Sr (26%) (Chow55; Kulkarni et al.56; Moreno et al.57)

F3

(coal-fired facilities)

49 ± 12

(S: 35 ± 16

W: 57 ± 24)

1.159 ± 0.004

2.467 ± 0.006

Cd (57%), Pb (52%), As (40%), Se (32%) (Okuda et al.58)

F4

(oil-fired facilities)

10 ± 5

(S: 21 ± 8

W: 6 ± 2)

1.126 ± 0.004

2.278 ± 0.005

V (65%), Ni (43%) (Querol et al.59; Cheng et al.60)

  1. *Averages for summer (S) and winter (W) campaigns are listed in parentheses.
  2. #The percentage of variations in the characteristic elements attributed to each PMF factor is listed in parentheses.
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