Table 2 Mean concentrations (µM) (± standard deviation) of rumen metabolites in samples

From: Methane emissions and rumen metabolite concentrations in cattle fed two different silages

Metabolite

Red clover silage

Grass silage

1FDRpvalue

VFA

Acetate*

52,120.8 ± 14,159.8

73,265.6 ± 16,616.7

0.000†

Butyrate*

4421.5 ± 1469.9

7718.7 ± 3857.4

0.028†

Isobutyrate*

803.5 ± 251.8

1119.4 ± 515.8

0.100

Isovalerate*

456.6 ± 135.7

612.3 ± 243.8

0.100

Propionate*

11,449.1 ± 3832.0

18,722.8 ± 5408.5

0.001†

Valerate*

615.2 ± 235.6

1298.7 ± 694.1

0.009†

Methyl compounds

Dimethylamine

2.02 ± 1.21

1.86 ± 1.7

0.795

Methylamine*

12.5 ± 13.3

15.6 ± 15.7

0.795

Methanol*

23.1 ± 5.5

25.3 ± 7.5

0.483

Trimethylamine*

1.91 ± 0.4

1.69 ± 0.5

0.136

AA

3-Phenylpropionate*

169.3 ± 102.9

416.0 ± 120.4

0.000†

Alanine*

60.9 ± 140.2

64.4 ± 95.4

0.805

Alloisoleucine

22.8 ± 17.8

20.9 ± 10.7

0.800

Aspartate

32.8 ± 20.8

34.1 ± 26.3

0.805

Benzoate*

22.1 ± 13.7

33.5 ± 13.4

0.061

Betaine

7.38 ± 13.2

6.71 ± 9.5

0.800

Creatine

6.51 ± 2.8

8.98 ± 7.5

0.278

Creatinine

6.49 ± 2.1

6.7 ± 2.4

0.805

Glutamate*

67.5 ± 35.7

72.5 ± 4

0.800

Glycine*

47.4 ± 62.1

194.2 ± 604.7

0.656

Isoleucine*

21.6 ± 15.0

21.7 ± 17.6

0.968

Leucine*

38.1 ± 20.7

45.1 ± 25.6

0.278

Phenylacetate*

185.9 ± 70.4

177.8 ± 105.2

0.849

Valine*

27.7 ± 35.6

24.9 ± 29.5

0.696

Nucleotide metabolism

Uracil*

8.75 ± 5.1

11.1 ± 5.1

0.120

Xanthine

7.78 ± 1.97

9.21 ± 2.2

0.101

Carbohydrates

Glucose*

74.3 ± 60.3

76.4 ± 54.8

0.932

Maltose*

14.9 ± 11.2

25.3 ± 27.3

0.344

Fructose

17.7 ± 12.5

27.1 ± 23.6

0.120

Miscellaneous

1,3-Dihydroxyacetone

9.22 ± 5.6

8.3 ± 6.3

0.800

2-Hydroxyvalerate

87.7 ± 32.6

223. ± 129.6

0.006†

3-Hydroxyphenylacetate

15.0 ± 8.0

19.7 ± 5.1

0.076

Acetamide

12.6 ± 5.3

18.7 ± 9.6

0.056

Acetoacetate

10.7 ± 7.5

13.3 ± 16.3

0.696

Caffeine

1.88 ± 1.8

2.1 ± 2.5

0.805

Choline

4.17 ± 1.8

5.2 ± 5.8

0.696

Ethanol*

123.4 ± 70.0

141.5 ± 83.5

0.656

Formate

96.2 ± 19.3

115.2 ± 32.3

0.138

Fumarate

1.89 ± 1.3

2.13 ± 1.1

0.795

Lactate*

99.1 ± 186.0

132.7 ± 315.9

0.656

Malonate

6.61 ± 8.1

6.23 ± 3.6

0.872

Succinate*

34.1 ± 18.8

36.2 ± 36.1

0.842

  1. 1fdrpvalue = p-value adjusted by false discovery rate (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). *metabolite identities confirmed by 2D HSQC-TOCSY spectra analysis (see supplementary Table 1Sand Fig. 1S). †statistically significant differences noted between diets.
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