Table 3 Demographics, health risk factors, preparedness and response indicators, structural economical-political determinants within the two regions of interest.
From: Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between “the East” and “the West”
The West | The East | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Median (min; max) | Median (min; max) | ||
Demographics | |||
Population size (million) | 10 (1–328)* | 28 (13–1420) | 0.084 |
Population density (km-3) | 100.0 (4.0–508.2)* | 151.0 (2.0–8,358) | 0.089 |
GPD per capita, USD | 33,159 (9772–80,504) | 4,202 (1,252–65,234) | < 0.001* |
Median age (years) | 43.2 (38.3–47.3) | 31.4 (20.8–48.4) | < 0.001* |
People 65 + years of age (%) | 20.2 (14.6–23.3) | 7.53 (3.6–28.4) | < 0.001* |
Urban population (%) | 75.4 (53.7–98.0) | 53.3 (13.3–100.0) | 0.019* |
Households with 4 + members (%) | 22.2 (13.5–32.1) | 58.6 (20.0–83.8) | < 0.001* |
International migrants (%) | 12.5 (1.7–21.8) | 0.6 (0.1–38.0) | < 0.001* |
Health risk factors | |||
All-cause mortality (per 1,000) | 10.5 (6.4–15.4) | 6.3 (5.0–11.0) | < 0.001* |
Obesity prevalence (%) | 23.1 (19.7–36.2) | 6.2 (2.1–29.0) | < 0.001* |
Prevalence of raised blood glucose (%) | 6.6 (4.3–7.9) | 7.7 (5.3–14.8) | 0.002* |
Prevalence of raised blood pressure (%) | 21.0 (12.9–32.4) | 23.2 (11.0–29.0) | 0.751 |
Current tobacco smoking prevalence (%) | 27.1 (13.0–39.1) | 22.0 (14.1–38.2) | 0.101 |
BCG immunization coverage (%) | |||
year 1990 | 89 (13–99) | 91 (26–99) | 0.919 |
year 2019 | 96 (25–99) | 88 (69–99) | 0.563 |
Multidimensional preparedness | |||
Avg IHR score index (%) | 82.0 (57.0–99.0) | 73.0 (21.0–97.0) | 0.276 |
GHS index (%) | 60.3 (45.6–83.5) | 49.3 (26.0–75.5) | 0.029* |
UHC service coverage index (%) | 78.0 (66.0–89.0) | 67.5 (40.0–87.0) | 0.032* |
Medical doctors (per 10,000 population) | 36.1 (23.1–63.5) | 8.2 (0.7–36.8) | < 0.001* |
Hospital beds (per 10,000 population) | 45.7 (21.4–80.0) | 24.9 (9.0–129.8) | 0.075 |
Previous cases of SARS (‘Yes’ vs. ‘No’) | 10 (37.0%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.099 |
Structural determinants | |||
EIU democracy index (0–10) | 8.0 (6.5–9.9) | 6.5 (2.1–9.1) | < 0.001* |
Variety of democracy (%) | 71.0 (29.0–78.0) | 44.0 (14.0–77.0) | 0.002 |
Gini coefficient (%) | 31.6 (24.9–41.1) | 35.7 (28.7–44.4) | 0.020 |
Literacy rate (%) | 99.1 (95.3–99.9) | 94.5 (63.4–98.4) | < 0.001* |
Current health expenditure (% GDP) | 9.0 (5.6–16.9) | 4.4 (2.3–11.0) | < 0.001* |
Government expenditure on essential services (% GDP) | 12.1 (7.8–16.0) | 13.2 (7.9–28.8) | 0.255 |
Inefficient government bureaucracy (0–30) | 12.9 (6.0–21.8) | 10.7 (3.1–19.7) | 0.066 |
Political stability and absence of violence (%) | 71.4 (57.1–92.4) | 52.4 (11.4–97.6) | < 0.001* |
Government effectiveness index (%) | 84.1 (40.4–99.0) | 63.0 (11.5–8.8) | 0.003* |
Air transport, passengers (million) | 18.7 (0.0–926.7) | 50.5 (0.7–659.6) | 0.582 |
Island countries (‘Yes’) | 2 (7.4%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.069 |
Response measures | |||
Avg stringency index (%) | 48.5 (32.7–59.8) | 51.1 (24.0–68.3) | 0.828 |
Timeliness of stay-at-home requirements (days) | 27 (6–254) | 45 (2–190) | 0.173 |
