Table 3 Random-effects model estimation of odds ratio for different variables on 36 selected Sub- Saharan African countries.

Angola 2015–2016

4.13 [3.13; 5.45]

3.86 [2.48; 6.01]

0.98 [0.71; 1.34]

4.74 [3.21; 7.01]

Benin 2017–2018

3.72 [3.04; 4.54]

2.71 [2.24; 3.28]

3.06 [2.49; 3.75]

2.49 [2.05; 3.01]

Burkina Faso 2010

4.43 [3.32; 5.92]

3.53 [2.70; 4.62]

3.21 [2.46; 4.18]

6.31 [4.84; 8.22]

Burundi 2016–2017

2.94 [2.42; 3.57]

1.72 [1.41; 2.10]

1.90 [1.53; 2.36]

5.02 [4.04; 6.25]

Cameroon 2018

5.31 [3.84; 7.35]

10.13 [4.98; 20.62]

3.84 [2.26; 6.53]

3.96 [2.84; 5.53]

Chad 2014–2015

2.27 [1.64; 3.13]

2.46 [1.78; 3.39]

3.15 [2.24; 4.45]

5.44 [3.94; 7.52]

Comoros 2012

2.14[1.59; 2.87]

2.61 [1.85; 3.69]

2.82 [1.93; 4.12]

1.58 [1.17; 2.12]

Congo Democratic Republic 2013–2014

2.21 [1.87; 2.62]

1.05 [0.84; 1.31]

0.63 [0.48; 0.83]

1.87 [1.58; 2.22]

Congo 2011–2012

2.50 [1.98; 3.15]

2.13 [1.12; 4.05]

3.86 [1.22; 12.15]

2.90 [2.15; 3.92]

Cote d'Ivoire 2011–2012

6.08 [4.03; 9.17]

2.90 [2.02; 4.16]

2.37 [1.63; 3.44]

4.99 [3.32; 7.49]

Eswatini 2006–2007

1.30 [0.89; 1.90]

2.83 [1.13; 7.06]

1.79 [0.92; 3.49]

1.27 [0.84; 1.92]

Ethiopia-2016

5.83 [4.07; 8.36]

6.59 [4.52; 9.61]

4.66 [3.08; 7.07]

14.48 [10.42; 20.13]

Gabon 2012

2.86 [2.24; 3.66]

0.91 [0.59; 1.41]

2.28 [1.26; 4.14]

1.78 [1.19; 2.67]

Gambia 2013

2.35 [1.62; 3.41]

1.48 [1.03; 2.13]

1.61 [1.12; 2.31]

2.33 [1.57; 3.45]

Ghana 2014

3.79 [3.11; 4.62]

3.09 [2.35; 4.05]

3.71 [2.67; 5.16]

2.69 [2.21; 3.28]

Guinea 2018

4.59 [3.24; 6.51]

2.98 [2.15; 4.13]

2.19 [1.58; 3.03]

4.77 [3.41; 6.68]

Kenya 2014

3.37 [2.79; 4.06]

4.61 [2.74; 7.75]

4.72 [2.58; 8.64]

2.53 [2.12; 3.02]

Lesotho 2014

2.14 [1.63; 2.82]

2.09 [0.28; 15.72]

3.03 [1.67; 5.49]

1.60 [1.21; 2.12]

Liberia 2013

2.63 [1.86; 3.71]

1.84 [1.30; 2.59]

1.54 [1.01; 2.34]

2.40 [1.73; 3.34]

Madagascar 2008–09

8.71 [5.58; 13.58]

6.57 [2.89; 14.93]

7.27 [2.97; 17.80]

6.83 [4.83; 9.65]

Malawi 2015–16

2.64 [2.26; 3.08]

2.22 [1.62; 3.04]

1.71 [1.24; 2.34]

2.49 [2.09; 2.96]

Mali 2018

2.48 [1.84; 3.33]

1.75 [1.30; 2.36]

2.56 [1.91; 3.43]

2.77 [2.05; 3.73]

Mozambique 2011

4.48 [3.47; 5.78]

3.23 [2.34; 4.46]

1.99 [1.44; 2.75]

4.07 [3.21; 5.18]

Namibia 2013

5.04 [3.83; 6.64]

2.55 [1.32; 4.92]

2.35 [1.43; 3.86]

3.68 [2.74; 4.94]

Niger 2012

1.81 [0.81; 4.04]

3.38 [1.88; 6.05]

0.56 [0.13; 2.32]

6.78 [3.60; 12.78]

Nigeria 2018

7.31 [6.03; 8.87]

8.17 [6.29; 10.61]

9.74 [6.98; 13.59]

4.36 [3.66; 5.20]

Rwanda 2014–15

2.26 [1.93; 2.66]

1.78 [1.37; 2.31]

1.46 [1.15; 1.84]

2.31 [1.93; 2.78]

Sao Tome and Principe 2008–09

1.24 [0.72; 2.13]

1.26 [0.49; 3.22]

3.91 [1.45; 10.56]

2.01 [1.24; 3.25]

Senegal 2010–11

4.52 [3.68; 5.55]

2.97 [2.45; 3.59]

3.32 [2.74; 4.03]

4.24 [3.44; 5.22]

Sierra Leone 2019

2.53 [1.95; 3.28]

1.38 [1.06; 1.79]

1.37 [1.06; 1.78]

2.57 [1.98; 3.34]

South Africa 2016

3.11 [2.40; 4.03]

2.75 [0.83; 9.18]

2.21 [0.93; 5.26]

1.49 [1.10; 2.02]

Tanzania 2015–2016

3.81 [3.07; 4.74]

2.92 [2.04; 4.17]

2.88 [1.84; 4.50]

3.34 [2.71; 4.10]

Togo 2013–2014

4.31 [3.35; 5.55]

2.53 [1.92; 3.32]

3.79 [2.57; 5.59]

3.54 [2.79; 4.50]

Uganda 2016

3.32 [2.78; 3.96]

1.98 [1.39; 2.83]

1.88 [1.21; 2.94]

2.73 [2.29; 3.26]

Zambia 2018

3.64 [2.84; 4.67]

1.34 [0.86; 2.08]

1.21 [0.71; 2.07]

3.23 [2.53; 4.13]

Zimbabwe 2015

3.48 [2.66; 4.55]

1.63 [0.39; 6.76]

3.62 [0.50; 26.31]

3.59 [2.78; 4.64]

\({\mathrm{I}}^{2}\)

87.8% [84.1; 90.6]

88.5% [85.1; 91.1]

89.3% [86.2; 91.7]

90.8% [88.3; 92.8]

\({\uptau }^{2}\)

0.1140

0.2268

0.2780

0.1644

95% PI

[1.52; 7.20]

[0.94; 6.95]

[0.84; 6.92]

[1.22; 8.46]