Table 2 Summary of the most supported linear mixed model of the determinants of hair cortisol concentration. Results from Model 1 in Table S4.

From: Hair cortisol concentration reflects the life cycle and management of grey wolves across four European populations

Variable

β

Standard error (β)

95% Confidence interval (β)

df

Low

High

Fixed effects

Intercept

10.688

0.856

9.010

12.366

50.681

Sex

Males

0.722

0.876

− 0.995

2.439

99.204

Unknown

2.576

4.470

− 6.185

11.337

99.123

Age

Subadults

− 1.453

0.973

− 3.360

0.454

93.085

Juveniles

− 0.273

1.796

− 3.793

3.247

97.429

Unknown

− 0.935

2.545

− 5.923

4.053

99.023

Population

Alpine

1.721

1.768

− 1.744

5.186

12.389

Dinaric-Balkan

3.643

1.808

0.099

7.187

92.999

Scandinavian

3.167

1.261

0.695

5.639

90.521

Cause of death

Subacute

0.529

1.632

− 2.670

3.728

99.507

Chronic

− 5.043

4.640

− 14.137

4.051

99.761

Live trapping

− 2.852

4.409

− 11.494

5.790

98.541

Unknown

2.409

1.492

− 0.515

5.333

99.913

Total length

− 0.141

0.043

− 0.225

− 0.057

99.942

Random effect

Variance

1.039

Standard deviation

1.019

N samples

114

N month

12