Figure 1

Genetic basis for differential mosquito survival following fungus infection. (A). Mosquito mortality curves for six age-matched isofemale pedigrees challenged with the same dose of M. anisopliae were significantly different, with median time to death from 4 to 20 days (p < 0.001, Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis and Log-Rank non-parametric comparison). (B). Mapping of locus M. anisopliae longevity (Mal) 1 displayed as histogram of fungal mortality phenotype of A. coluzzii pedigree JBC03 (origin, Mali) by microsatellite marker 2R.H769 alleles. Red bars show phenotypic distribution for the carriers of allele 95 at 2R.H769. Open bars show the overall phenotypic distribution for all phenotypes of the family combined. Individuals carrying allele 95 (red bar) displayed average time to death = 8.4 d, which was significantly faster (genome-wide adjusted p-value = 0.05) than individuals carrying alternate alleles (open bars; allele 88 = 11.7 d to death, allele 109 = 13.0 d to death). (C). Mapping of locus Mal2 displayed as histogram of fungal mortality phenotype of A. coluzzii pedigree IML27 (origin, Burkina Faso) by microsatellite marker 2L.H603 genotypes. Individuals carrying genotype 107–107 (red bar) displayed average time to death = 4.6 d, which was significantly faster (genome-wide adjusted p-value = 0.02) than individuals carrying any other genotype (open bars; alternate genotypes = 13.8 d to death). (D). Chromosome 2 linkage map of A. coluzzii indicating genomic positions of loci linked with significant effect on survival following fungal infection in wild isofemale pedigrees from West Africa. Mal1 (M. anisopliae longevity 1) is on chromosome arm 2R while Mal2 is on arm 2L. Horizontal line indicates arms of chromosome 2 (R, right arm; L, left arm), and vertical lines indicate microsatellite markers. Red line indicates location of the major genomic locus controlling the outcome of infection with P. falciparum indicated by PRI with bracket for Plasmodium Resistance Island ¹⁵. Scale bar, 10 centiMorgans.