Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients included in this study (N = 1561).
Variables | Training Cohort | Validation Cohort | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors (n = 749) | Non-survivors (n = 344) | Survivors (n = 302) | Non-survivors (n = 166) | ||
Age, years | 60 (50–69) | 64.5 (55–75) | 59 (51–68) | 65 (55–74) | 0.754 |
Sex, n (%) | 0.253 | ||||
Male | 440 (58.7) | 194 (56.4) | 177 (58.6) | 57 (34.3) | |
Female | 309 (41.3) | 150 (43.6) | 125 (41.4) | 109 (65.7) | |
Weight, kg | 79.8 (67.4–94.3) | 77.4 (64.8–94.6) | 78.4 (65.7–91.4) | 80.3 (69–96.3) | 0.806 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
Myocardial infarction | 62 (8.3) | 51 (14.8) | 27 (8.9) | 26 (15.7) | 0.562 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 62 (8.3) | 47 (13.7) | 26 (8.6) | 19 (11.4) | 0.828 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 163 (21.8) | 79 (23.0) | 55 (18.2) | 33 (19.9) | 0.139 |
Rheumatic disease | 21 (2.8) | 15 (4.4) | 7 (2.3) | 6 (3.6) | 0.592 |
Liver disease | 349 (46.6) | 156 (45.3) | 159 (52.6) | 79 (47.6) | 0.092 |
Diabetes | 173 (23.1) | 95 (27.6) | 72 (23.8) | 46 (27.7) | 0.771 |
Renal disease | 139 (18.6) | 87 (25.3) | 51 (16.9) | 46 (27.7) | 0.982 |
Malignant cancer | 238 (31.8) | 156 (45.3) | 91 (30.1) | 75 (45.2) | 0.827 |
Sepsis | 145 (19.4) | 106 (30.8) | 48 (15.9) | 53 (31.9) | 0.549 |
Vital signs | |||||
Temperature, °C | 36.9 (36.6–37.2) | 36.7 (36.4–37.1) | 36.9 (36.6–37.2) | 36.7 (36.4–37.2) | 0.380 |
Oxygen saturation, % | 97.2 (95.7–98.5) | 96.4 (94.6–98.1) | 97.3 (95.9–98.6) | 96.6 (94.6–98.1) | 0.511 |
Heart rate, bpm | 89.0 (78.1–100.3) | 95.8 (82.7–108.5) | 90.1 (77.0–101.6) | 98.6 (84.1–110.6) | 0.162 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 76.0 (69.8–82.9) | 71.0 (66.1–77) | 75.9 (69.6–84.4) | 74.1 (68.6–79.6) | 0.103 |
Respiration rate, bpm | 18.6 (16.4–21.7) | 21.2 (18.1–25.1) | 18.9 (15.9–22.7) | 21.4 (18–25.3) | 0.403 |
Severity scores | |||||
SOFA | 8 (6–11) | 13 (10–16) | 8 (6–11) | 13 (9–16) | 0.887 |
SAPS II | 39 (30–49) | 55 (45–67) | 38.5 (29–49) | 55 (46–66) | 0.889 |
Medical treatment, n (%) | |||||
Mechanical ventilation | 133 (17.8) | 122 (35.5) | 51 (16.9) | 59 (35.5) | 0.941 |
Platelet transfusion | 396 (52.9) | 222 (64.5) | 137 (45.4) | 108 (65.1) | 0.127 |
Vasopressor | 217 (29.0) | 247 (71.8) | 95 (31.5) | 99 (59.6) | 0.714 |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 52 (6.9) | 80 (23.3) | 23 (7.6) | 47 (28.3) | 0.120 |
Laboratory test results | |||||
White blood cell count, 109/L | 6.4 (3.2–11.1) | 7.7 (3.1–14.3) | 6.3 (3.2–11) | 7.2 (2.8–13.6) | 0.690 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 9 (7.6–10.6) | 8.8 (7.4–10.5) | 9.1 (7.6–10.7) | 8.4 (7.4–10.1) | 0.914 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 121 (102–164) | 133 (101–177) | 123 (104–165) | 129 (97–182) | 0.861 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.5 (1–2.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | 0.620 |
Sodium, mmol/l | 138 (135–141) | 138 (134–142) | 138 (135–141) | 138 (134–142) | 0.619 |
Potassium, mmol/l | 4.0 (3.6–4.5) | 4.1 (3.6–4.7) | 4 (3.6–4.4) | 4.3 (3.7–5) | 0.362 |
Prothrombin time, s | 16 (13.6–19.1) | 19.3 (15.6–25) | 16.2 (13.7–20.3) | 18.1 (15.2–23.7) | 0.822 |
Partial thromboplastin time, s | 33.6 (28.8–41.9) | 38.5 (30.4–52.8) | 33.8 (29.8–40.4) | 39.5 (31.8–55.9) | 0.374 |
International normalized ratio | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.7 (1.4–2.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 0.325 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 22 (13–38) | 35.5 (22–58.5) | 23 (13–38) | 37 (24–56) | 0.241 |
Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 22 (19–24) | 19 (15.5–23) | 22 (18–25) | 19 (17–23) | 0.813 |
Chloride, mmol/L | 105 (100–109) | 103 (98–108) | 104 (100–108) | 105 (100–109) | 0.463 |
Red blood cell distribution width, % | 16.1 (14.6–18.3) | 17.0 (15.2–19.4) | 16 (14.8–17.8) | 17.3 (15.2–20.1) | 0.345 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 40 (21–95) | 38.5 (21–87) | 37 (21–94) | 39 (24–85) | 0.865 |
ICU stay, days | 2.9 (1.8–5.5) | 3.3 (1.8–7.2) | 2.7 (1.8–5.0) | 3.7 (2.1–8.1) | 0.565 |
