Table 3 Means ± SE and P-values for breed and season on the fatty acid profile of milk collected from 73 individual cows from two breeding groups (100% Holstein-Friesian, HF; 50% Holstein-Friesian:50% Jersey, HF × J) and different seasons in four low-input dairy farms in England and Wales.

From: Performance and milk quality parameters of Jersey crossbreds in low-input dairy systems

	Breed				Season					Breed × Season
	HF	HF × J	SE	P-value²	Spring	Summer	Autumn	SE	P-value²	Breed × Season
	n¹ = 83	n¹ = 95	SE	P-value²	n¹ = 58	n¹ = 66	n¹ = 54	SE	P-value²	P-value²
Individual FA (g/kg total FA)
SFA
C4:0	27.2	29.8	0.66	0.015	24.3^b	31.3^a	29.9^a	0.73	< 0.001	0.285
C6:0	25.7	27.6	0.44	0.001	27.9^a	25.6^b	27.0^a	0.53	< 0.001	0.217
C8:0	13.6	14.9	0.29	< 0.001	16.0^a	13.5^b	13.4^b	0.33	< 0.001	0.398
C10:0	30.4	33.4	0.83	0.002	36.9^a	29.3^b	30.0^b	0.93	< 0.001	0.546
C12:0	36.4	40.1	1.00	< 0.001	45.7^a	31.6^c	38.7^b	1.02	< 0.001	0.515
C14:0	115.0	119.6	1.57	0.011	117.1^b	112.4^c	124.0^a	1.83	< 0.001	0.821
C16:0	306.8	311.8	5.71	0.356	276.0^c	292.1^b	366.7^a	4.71	< 0.001	0.750
C18:0	94.0	100.2	2.55	0.186	94.1^b	112.2^a	82.6^c	2.68	< 0.001	0.375
MUFA
VA	22.9	23.3	1.51	0.962	27.3^a	29.4^a	11.0^b	1.50	< 0.001	0.313
OA	191.9	174.6	4.18	0.001	187.9^a	197.1^a	159.3^b	4.78	< 0.001	0.887
PUFA
LA	10.1	9.55	0.421	0.233	13.2^a	7.15^c	9.38^b	0.381	< 0.001	0.301
RA	11.3	10.1	0.70	0.150	11.9^a	13.2^a	6.26^b	0.762	< 0.001	0.576
ALNA	6.95	7.01	0.256	0.992	8.51^a	7.63^b	4.56^c	0.224	< 0.001	0.608
EPA	0.80	0.79	0.026	0.493	0.89^a	0.87^a	0.61^b	0.026	< 0.001	0.611
DPA	1.15	1.12	0.035	0.857	1.18^a	1.18^a	1.01^b	0.041	0.003	0.813
DHA	0.08	0.09	0.006	0.249	0.10^a	0.09^b	0.07^b	0.008	0.003	0.233
FA groups (g/kg total FA)
SFA³	675.0	702.3	6.30	< 0.001	663.7^b	673.3^b	737.2^a	6.71	< 0.001	0.674
MUFA⁴	277.2	253.5	5.22	< 0.001	279.5^a	279.8^a	229.7^b	5.83	< 0.001	0.681
cis MUFA⁶	235.4	213.1	4.18	< 0.001	228.4^a	234.9^a	204.3^b	5.02	< 0.001	0.766
trans MUFA⁷	41.8	40.4	1.83	0.454	51.1^a	44.9^b	25.4^c	1.77	< 0.001	0.454
PUFA⁵	47.9	44.3	1.42	0.021	56.8^a	47.0^b	33.1^c	1.26	< 0.001	0.586
cis PUFA⁸	23.7	23.0	0.61	0.273	28.9^a	21.7^b	19.2^c	0.53	< 0.001	0.639
trans PUFA⁹	3.55	3.20	0.123	0.022	4.27^a	3.33^b	2.43^c	0.119	< 0.001	0.479
cis/trans + trans/cis PUFA¹⁰	20.6	18.1	0.95	0.039	23.65^a	21.92^a	11.39^b	0.952	< 0.001	0.731
n-3¹¹	13.9	13.9	0.49	0.996	16.1^a	16.0^a	8.92^b	0.41	< 0.001	0.708
n-6¹²	15.4	14.2	0.52	0.053	19.4^a	11.6^c	13.5^b	0.45	< 0.001	0.322
n-3/n-6 ratio	0.99	1.06	0.050	0.048	0.90^b	1.42^a	0.68^c	0.040	< 0.001	0.727
n-6/n-3 ratio	1.22	1.14	0.060	0.230	1.22^b	0.76^c	1.64^a	0.048	< 0.001	0.327
trans FA¹³	45.3	43.6	1.91	0.400	55.4^a	48.3^b	27.9^c	1.82	< 0.001	0.504
trans FA (exc. VA)	22.4	20.2	0.77	0.028	28.1^a	18.9^b	16.8^b	0.68	< 0.001	0.762
Human health related indices
AI¹⁴	2.62	2.98	0.10	0.002	2.41^b	2.47^b	3.68^a	0.097	< 0.001	0.135
TI¹⁵	2.77	3.06	0.10	0.004	2.39^b	2.56^b	3.92^a	0.085	< 0.001	0.230
HH¹⁶	0.55	0.49	0.02	0.003	0.57^a	0.58^a	0.38^b	0.020	< 0.001	0.992
Δ⁹-desaturase activity indicators
Δ⁹I¹⁷	3.00	2.76	0.005	< 0.001	3.04^a	3.02^a	2.54^b	0.006	< 0.001	0.786
C14:1/C14:0	0.09	0.08	0.003	0.002	0.08^b	0.08^b	0.10^a	0.003	< 0.001	0.450
C16:1/C16:0	0.07	0.06	0.001	< 0.001	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.002	0.202	0.567
OA/C18:0	2.16	1.79	0.054	< 0.001	2.07^a	1.77^b	2.09^a	0.066	< 0.001	0.171
RA/VA	0.53	0.44	0.015	< 0.001	0.45^b	0.45^b	0.57^a	0.017	< 0.001	0.032

¹ n is the number of records used to calculate means.
² Significances were declared at P < 0.05. Means within a row, for season, with different upper-case letters are significantly different according to Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P < 0.05).
³SFA: C4:0, C5:0, C6:0, C7:0, C8:0, C9:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0.
⁴MUFA: c9 C14:1, c9 C15:1, t9 C16:1, c9 C16:1, c9 C17:1, t6 + t7 + t8 C18:1, t9 C18:1, t10 C18:1, t11 C18:1, t12 + t13 + t14 C18:1, c9 C18:1 (OA), t15 C18:1, c11 C18:1, c12 C18:1, c13 C18:1, c14 + t16 C18:1, c15 C18:1, c15 C18:1, c10 C19:1, c5 C20:1, c8 C20:1, c13 C22:1, c15 C24:1.
⁵PUFA: t11t15 C18:2, t11t15 C18:2, t10t14 C18:2. C9t13 C18:2, t9t12 C18:2, t8c13 C18:2, c9t12 C18:2, t9c12 C18:2, t11c15 C18:2, c9c12 C18:2 (LA), two unidentified C18:2, c9c15 C18:2, c12c15 C18:2, c6c9c12 C18:3 (GLA), c9c12c15 C18:3 (ALN), c9t11 18:2 (RA), four unidentified conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, t11c13 C18:2 CLA, c9c13c15 C18:3, c11c14 C20:2, c9c11c15 C18:3, c8c11c14 C20:3, c11c14c17 C20:3, c5c8c11c14 C20:4, c13c16 C22:2, c5c8c14c17 C20:5 (EPA), c13c16c19 C22:3, c7c10c13c16 C22:4, c7c10c13c16c19 C22:5 (DPA), c7c10c13c16c19 C22:6 (DHA).
⁶cis MUFA: c9 C14:1, c9 C15:1, c9 C16:1, c9 C17:1, c9 C18:1 (OA), c11 C18:1, c12 C18:1, c13 C18:1, c14 C18:1, c15 C18:1, c10 C19:1, c5 C20:1, c8 C20:1, c13 C22:1, c15 C24:1.
⁷trans MUFA: t9 C16:1, t6 + t7 + t8 C18:1, t9 C18:1, t10 C18:1, t11 C18:1 (VA), t12 + t13 + t14 C18:1, t15 C18:1, t16 C18:1.
⁸cisPUFA: c9c12 C18:2 (LA), unidentified cis/cis C18:2, c9c15 C18:2, c12c15 C18:2, c6c9c12 C18:3 (GLA), c9c12c15 C18:3 (ALN), c9c13c15 C18:3, c11c14 C20:2, c9c11c15 C18:3, c8c11c14 C20:3, c11c14c17 C20:3, c5c8c11c14 C20:4, c13c16 C22:2, c5c8c11c14c17 C20:5 (EPA), c13c16c19 C22:3, c7c10c13c16 C22:4, c7c10c13c16c19 C22:5 (DPA), c7c10c13c16c19 C22:6 (DHA).
⁹trans PUFA:t11t15 C18:2, t10t14 C18:2, t9t12 C18:2, unidentified trans/trans C18:2, unidentified trans/trans CLA isomers.
¹⁰cis/trans + trans/cis PUFA: c9t13 C18:2, t8c13 C18:2, c9t12 C18:2, t9c12 C18:2, ct1014 + 1216 C18:2, t11c15 C18:2, unidentified cis/trans + trans/cis C18:2, RA, t11c13 CLA, unidentified cis/trans + trans/cis CLA.
¹¹Omega-3 PUFA (n-3): t11t15 C18:2, t11c15 C18:2, c9c15 C18:2, c12c15 C18:2, c9c12c15 C18:3 (ALN), c9c13c15 C18:3, c9c11c15 C18:3, c11c14c17 C20:3, c5c8c11c14c17 C20:5 (EPA), c13c16c19 C22:3, c7c10c13c16c19 C22:5 (DPA), c7c10c13c16c19 C22:6 (DHA).
¹²Omega-6 PUFA(n-6): t9t12 C18:2, c9t12 C18:2, t9c12 C18:2, c9c12 C18:2 (LA), c6c9c12 C18:3 (GLA), c11c14 C20:2, c8c11c14 C20:3, c5c8c11c14 C20:4, c13c16 C22:2, c7c10c13c16 C22:4.
¹³trans FA: t9 C16:1, t6 + t7 + t8 C18:1, t9 C18:1, t10 C18:1, t11 C18:1 (VA), t12 + t13 + t14 C18:1, t15 C18:1, c14 + t16 C18:1. t9 C16:1, t6 + t7 + t8 C18:1, t9 C18:1, t10 C18:1, t11 C18:1 (VA), t12 + t13 + t14 C18:1, t15 C18:1, t11t15 C18:2, t10t14 C18:2, t9t12 C18:2, t11c15 C18:2, t11t15 C18:2, t10t14 C18:2, t9t12 C18:2, unidentified trans/trans C18:2, unidentified trans/trans CLA.
¹⁴Atherogenicity index = (C12:0 + 4 × C14:0 + C16:0)/(MUFA + PUFA), as described in Srednicka-Tober et al. ³².
¹⁵Thrombogenicity index = (C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0)/[(0.5 × MUFA) + (0.5 × n-6) + (3 × n-3) + (n-3/n-6)] as described in Srednicka-Tober et al. ³².
¹⁶Hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesteremic ratio = (C18:1 cis9 + total PUFA) / (C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0).
¹⁷Δ9-desaturase activity index = (c9 C14:1 + c9 C16:1 + OA + RA)/(c9C14:1 + c9 C16:1 + OA + RA + C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0 + VA) as described in Kay et al.³⁴.

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Table 3 Means ± SE and P-values for breed and season on the fatty acid profile of milk collected from 73 individual cows from two breeding groups (100% Holstein-Friesian, HF; 50% Holstein-Friesian:50% Jersey, HF × J) and different seasons in four low-input dairy farms in England and Wales.

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