Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Grasp-squeeze adaptation to changes in object compliance leads to dynamic beta-band communication between primary somatosensory and motor cortices

Figure 4

Channel-averaged Granger causality shows bidirectional S1–M1 communication during the steady-state hand squeeze. Left: Monkey M. Right: Monkey C. All trials were aligned to the onset of touch (t = 0). (A) Beta-band averaged, and channel-averaged Granger causality index computed using a sliding window (length = 500 ms, step = 250 ms) for each direction of putative cortical communication. The p-value was calculated from random permutation test (# permutations = 200). We chose a target α = 0.05 and used FDR correction for multiple testing. M1→ S1, Red shadowed trace; S1→ M1, Blue shadowed trace. The bold red and blue lines showed the mean of GC values across LFP pairs, and the shaded regions denoted one standard deviation of the data. (B) Violin plots of the distribution in the GC index from the pool of 1310 selected channel pairs in monkey M and 898 pairs in monkey C for the four stages of the task. The GC values during the Steady-state are confirmed to be the largest (*p = 10–3, two-sample t-test).

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