Figure 5

Single LFP S1–M1 pair activity when the ‘SURPRISE EVENT’ is introduced. Here all trials were aligned to the onset of the abrupt compliance change (t = 0). Left: Monkey M. Right: Monkey C. The change in compliance modulates neural signals in both time and frequency domains. Data is shown from selected channel pairs, averaged across all trials (n = 51 for monkey M and n = 86 for monkey C). (A) Upper panel: Time-varying internal pressure of the manipulandum from 0 to 250 ms. Middle panels: LFP signals recorded from one M1 and one S1 channel shows a pronounced reduction in beta-band activity during the SURPRISE EVENT. Well-defined beta-band activity returned once the animal entered the new steady-state. Lower panels: Trial-averaged LFP response in one channel for the S1 and M1 signals shows modulation at the t = 0 (bootstrap resampling, the number of resamples is 1000). The bold red and blue lines showed the mean of LFP amplitude across trials and the shaded regions denoted 95% confidence interval of the data (n = 51 trials collected in 3 sessions for monkey M and 86 trials collected in 3 sessions for monkey C). (B) Trial-averaged LFP spectrogram during the ‘SURPRISE EVENT’. Upper panel: M1 spectrogram. Lower panel: S1 spectrogram. (C) Spectro-temporal S1–M1 LFP coherence (shown as a heat map) likewise reflects the presence of beta coherence (Random permutation test, #permutation = 200, p = 10^–2) during both the old and the new steady-state.