Figure 6

Granger Causality for a single S1–M1 LFP channel pair shows the interruption of beta-band Granger Causality from the onset of the SURPRISE EVENT at t = 0. Left: Monkey M. Right: Monkey C. Data is averaged across all trials (n = 51 for monkey M and n = 86 for monkey C). (A) Spectra-temporal S1–M1 LFP Granger Causality heat map indicates the bidirectional beta-band causality between S1 and M1 in both monkeys in the initial steady-state. Causality decreased significantly during the onset of the SURPRISE EVENT but recovered thereafter. Upper panel: Granger causality from M1→ S1. Lower panel: Granger causality from S1→ M1. (B) Upper panel: Averaged Granger causality across the beta-band (15–30 Hz) for a single LFP channel pair reflects the vanishing of the beta-band GC index at the onset of the SURPRISE EVENT. Once the animal found the new steady-state, the GC values gradually recovered. Lower panel: p-value in log₁₀ scale calculated from random permutation test (# permutations = 200). We chose a target α = 0.05 and used FDR correction for multiple testing. The black dashed line represents the log of adjusted α. Those GC indices with p-value above the dashed line were considered as statistically not significant.