Figure 7
Channel-averaged Granger causality shows that S1-M1 communication channel is modulated by a sudden tactile experience (‘SURPRISE EVENT’). Left: Monkey M. Right: Monkey C. All trials were aligned on the onset of compliance change at t = 0. (A) Beta-band averaged, channel-averaged Granger causality index computed using a sliding window (length = 500 ms, step = 250 ms) for each direction of cortical communication. p-value calculate from random permutation test (# permutations = 200) We chose a target α = 0.05 and used FDR correction for multiple testing. M1- > S1, Red shadowed trace; S1- > M1, Blue shadowed trace. The bold red and blue lines showed the mean of GC values across LFP pairs, and the shaded regions denoted one standard deviation of the data. (B) Violin plots of the distribution in the GC index from the pool of 1310 selected pairs in monkey M and 898 pairs in monkey C for the three stages of each trial. The GC values in the Steady-state and Recovery stages were larger than Surprise Event stage. (*p = 10–3, two-sample t-test).
