Table 1 Characteristics of the drink fermented tea and non-fermented tea groups (N = 3239).

From: Non‐fermented tea consumption protects against osteoporosis among Chinese male elders using the Taiwan biobank database

 

Total (N = 3239)

Drink fermented tea group (n = 2205; 68.1%)

Drink non-fermented tea group (n = 1034; 31.9%)

p valuec

Follow-up years (95% CI)

3.64 (3.60–3.68)

3.64 (3.59–3.69)

3.64 (3.56–3.71)

0.919

Variables

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

 

Age (year)

54.0 (7.7)

54.4 (7.7)

53.0 (7.6)

 < 0.001***

Body composition profile

Waist circumference

85.3 (9.4)

85.5 (9.3)

84.7 (9.5)

0.020*

Hip circumference

96.4 (6.5)

96.3 (6.3)

96.7 (6.8)

0.195

BMI

24.7 (3.4)

24.7 (3.3)

24.8 (3.5)

0.752

BMD profile

Z-Score (baseline)

1.2 (1.3)

1.2 (1.3)

1.3 (1.4)

0.091

T-Score (baseline)

− 0.4 (1.4)

− 0.4 (1.4)

− 0.2 (1.4)

 < 0.001***

Sleeping duration (hour)

6.8 (1.1)

6.8 (1.1)

6.8 (1.1)

0.312

 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

 

Sex

   

 < 0.001***

Female

1653 (51.0)

1024 (46.4)

629 (60.8)

 

Male

1586 (49.0)

1181 (53.6)

405 (39.2)

 

Age

   

 < 0.001***

40–49 y

986 (30.4)

615 (27.9)

371 (35.9)

 

50–59 y

1370 (42.3)

950 (43.1)

420 (40.6)

 

60–69 y

867 (26.8)

625 (28.3)

242 (23.4)

 

 ≥ 70 y

16 (0.5)

15 (0.7)

1 (0.1)

 

Educational level

   

0.257

College/graduate school

1445 (44.6)

1005 (45.6)

440 (42.6)

 

High school

1556 (48.0)

1043 (47.3)

513 (49.6)

 

None/elementary school

238 (7.3)

157 (7.1)

81 (7.8)

 

Residential urbanicitya

   

0.290

Urban

1894 (58.5)

1275 (57.8)

619 (59.9)

 

Suburban

1077 (33.3)

737 (33.4)

340 (32.9)

 

Rural

268 (8.3)

193 (8.8)

75 (7.3)

 

Family history of osteoporosis

  

0.371

No

2784 (86.0)

1887 (85.6)

897 (86.8)

 

Yes

455 (14.0)

318 (14.4)

137 (13.2)

 

Diabetes mellitus

   

0.754

No

2986 (92.2)

2035 (92.3)

951 (92.0)

 

Yes

253 (7.8)

170 (7.7)

83 (8.0)

 

Coronary heart disease

   

0.547

No

3158 (97.5)

2147 (97.4)

1011 (97.8)

 

Yes

81 (2.5)

58 (2.6)

23 (2.2)

 

Total tea drinking amountb

   

0.410

1–3 cup/day

1977 (61.0)

1329 (60.3)

648 (62.7)

 

4–6 cups/day

777 (24.0)

537 (24.4)

240 (23.2)

 

 > 6 cups/day

485 (15.0)

339 (15.4)

146 (14.1)

 

Coffee drinking habits

   

0.031*

No

1765(54.5)

1230 (45.8)

535 (51.7)

 

Yes

1474 (45.5)

975 (44.2)

499 (48.3)

 

Regular diet

   

0.047*

1 meal/day

27 (0.8)

16 (0.7)

11 (1.1)

 

2 meals/day

468 (14.4)

295 (13.4)

173 (16.7)

 

3 meals/day

2719 (83.9)

1875 (85.0)

844 (81.6)

 

4 meals/day

21 (0.6)

17 (0.8)

4 (0.4)

 

5 meals/day

4 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

 

Regular exercise

   

0.002**

No

1529 (47.2)

1000 (45.4)

529 (51.2)

 

Yes

1710 (52.8)

1205 (54.6)

505 (48.8)

 

Smoking experience

   

 < 0.001***

No

2063 (63.7)

1346 (61.0)

717 (69.3)

 

Yes

1176 (36.3)

859 (39.0)

317 (30.7)

 

Weekday sleeping time

   

0.073

Before midnight

2536 (78.3)

1746 (79.2)

790 (76.4)

 

After midnight

703 (21.7)

459 (20.8)

244 (23.6)

 

Weekend sleeping time

   

0.069

Before midnight

2473 (76.4)

1704 (77.3)

769 (74.4)

 

After midnight

766 (23.6)

501 (22.7)

265 (25.6)

 

T-score ≤ − 2.5 (outcome)

   

0.144

No

3060 (94.5)

2092 (94.9)

968 (93.6)

 

Yes

179 (5.5)

113 (5.1)

66 (6.4)

 
  1. CI, confidence interval; mon, month; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density.
  2. p < 0.05*; p < 0.01**; p < 0.001***.
  3. aResidential urbanicity stratification was classified into urban, suburban, and rural according to the population density, ratio of educated people, age (aged ≥ 65 years), farmers, and the number of physicians per 100,000 people as defined by Liu et al.27.
  4. bTotal tea drinking amount was divided by cups (200 ml).
  5. cUnadjusted p-value (Chi-square test or Student’s t-test).
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